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Human Impact on the Environment †Problems caused by population growth Free Essays

In around 1830 the human populace arrived at one billion, there are currently something close to six billion individuals on the planet today and that figure is developing at an exceptionally high and fast rate. Past populaces were constrained by ailment, war and starvation however now on account of innovation and present day medication. The earth around us has been worked to help these developing numbers yet this improvement is hugy affecting the world’s environments. We will compose a custom exposition test on Human Impact on the Environment †Problems brought about by populace development or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Human population’s away from space and living spaces of different species to clear a path for their own. This obliviousness has slaughtered numerous species to eradication and contaminated nature; this has imperiled our endurance and the endurance of different species in danger. Peruse this Ch. 22 Respiratory System In any case, in common environments factors are constraining though human biological systems are diverse as we have the innovation to boost assets and find new ones while existing ones run out. The planet clearly can just hold a specific number of individuals, most species never arrive at their greatest numbers however they have a pinnacle, at that point the numbers begin to decrease. Exercises that have changed the scene Mechanical and residential waste must be discarded, and as the populace is expanding the waste is turning out to be increasingly more hard to dispose of. There are a ton of things that cause contamination in differing rates on a major scale oil slick to an ordinary antiperspirant can which utilizes cfc’s. Here is a table that shows the contamination and its consequences for people and nature. Toxin Consequences for people and nature. Air Smoke Makes breathing troublesome. Sulfur Dioxide Causes corrosive downpour. Ozone Harms leaves. CFC’s Harms ozone layer. Carbon Dioxide Expands the ‘Greenhouse Effect’. Water Sewage Eutrophication. Manures Eutrophication. Corrosive Rain Makes soils, lakes and waterways acidic. Oil slicks Execute fish. Harmful Chemicals for example mercury Execute fish and other amphibian life. Land Strong waste removal at landfill locales Methane causes blasts and builds the ‘Greenhouse Effect’. Mining waste for example Lead Water run-off toxic substances plants and creatures. Overwhelming metals murder most plants and creatures. The Pollution of the Water There are various ways and procedures of water contamination the principle ones are ‘waste disposal’, ‘organic pollution’ and ‘eutrophication’. Squander removal is the household and modern waste which is treated in sewage plants to evacuate polluting influences. The issue is that a portion of this waste is being arranged in numerous waterways and trenches and dirtying them vigorously. This has crushed numerous freshwater biological systems like the ‘Great Lakes of North America’ and parts of the ‘Norfolk Broads’. Natural contamination is the place residential sewage is arranged in streams and waterways and the natural substance in the sewage is a food hotspot for microscopic organisms and parasites. These life forms likewise take the broke down oxygen in the water so fish and other amphibian creatures vanish. Eutrophication is the point at which the nitrate and phosphate levels are high this empowers the development of green growth. These green growth can make a great deal of harm the water environment. * Algae develop quickly and give a ‘algal bloom’ over the outside of the water. * Many blue green growth produce poisons which murder a few plants and creatures. * Small creatures that feed on green growth don't duplicate quick enough to check the expansion in the green growth. * Algae shut out the light for the established plants developing on beds of lakes and they kick the bucket. This diminishes the measure of oxygen. * The algal populace smashed because of rivalry for assets. The green growth are then disintegrated by microscopic organisms which utilize the oxygen in the water. * This absence of oxygen executes numerous spineless creatures and fish. This is the procedure of eutrophication. The contamination of the environment Contamination is a term used to depict the nearness of an undesirable substance. Despite the fact that air contains loads of minute particles, as volcanic residue and little sand grains from deserts, this contamination is normal in cause. Man-made contamination of the climate nonetheless, is currently causing a great deal of concern. The greater part of this air contamination originates from the consuming of coal, oil and gas †the petroleum derivatives †in power stations, manufacturing plants and homes, and petroleum and diesel in vehicles and other street vehicles. We need vitality and power to keep us warm and to prepare our food, however tragically we don't make enough from other non-dirtying sources. Consuming petroleum products discharges ozone depleting substances into the air. This might be changing the atmosphere and causing an Earth-wide temperature boost. Different toxins like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are likewise radiated. This can decrease the nature of air which we inhale, prompting medical issues, and can cause corrosive downpour. A worldwide temperature alteration Worldwide air temperatures as estimated via land-based climate stations show an expansion of about 0.45 degrees Celsius over the previous century. These might be botches in information or climatic variety. Satellite information demonstrate a slight cooling in the atmosphere over the most recent 18 years. These satellites utilize trend setting innovation and are not liable to the â€Å"heat island† impact around significant urban areas that modifies ground-based thermometers. Projections of future atmosphere changes are unsure. Albeit some PC models foresee warming in the following century, these models are constrained. The impacts of cloud developments, precipitation, the job of the seas, or the sun, are as yet not notable and frequently insufficiently spoke to in the atmosphere models albeit all assume a significant job in deciding our atmosphere. Researchers who take a shot at these models rush to call attention to that they are a long way from ideal portrayals of the real world, and are most likely not propelled enough for direct use in strategy usage. Curiously, as the PC atmosphere models have gotten progressively advanced as of late, the anticipated increment in temperature has been brought down. In any case, 98% of all out worldwide ozone harming substance outflows are normal (for the most part water fume) and just 2% are from man-made sources. Supported Development Supportable advancement is the place a populace can make improvements and enhancements to their region or their needs without making hurt the earth. Economical improvement is about a greener planet in both created and creating nations by not contaminating the earth and being more vitality inviting. Supportable advancement is * Social advancement which perceives the requirements of everybody * Effective assurance of the earth * Prudent utilization of regular assets Supported advancement can be accomplished by utilizing less non-renewable energy sources and inquiring about into ecologically well disposed wellsprings of vitality like sun oriented and geothermic sources. Be less inefficient with the goal that we utilize less assets so they are delayed and recover, discover increasingly viable methods of discarding waste and delivering less waste in any case. Step by step instructions to refer to Human Impact on the Environment †Problems brought about by populace development, Papers

Essay Samples For Master Degree Holders

Essay Samples For Master Degree HoldersWriting an essay and knowing how to submit it to a writing exam or essay sample for master degree in the area of English is crucial. There are a number of essay samples for master degree holders who want to get the most out of their subjects, but they cannot understand the basic structure or grammar in the particular subject or their essay.Therefore, they have to start by studying so that they can identify the correct words and phrases and do not end up with an essay that is too easy for them to read or understand. The types of essay samples for master degree holders are often presented as examples from the different fields of study.It is necessary to note that if a person wants to write an essay on foreign affairs for a master degree in the English literature area, they need to be familiar with all the types of essays on foreign affairs. Such topics as literature, history, sociology, politics, and anthropology are among the most commonly used. There are some other topics that are especially meant for particular academic areas like women in the sciences, environmental studies, comparative studies of religions, and gender studies.The first step to getting the best essay samples for master degree holders is to find out the different areas where the topic will be discussed in. They then need to look for essay samples in those fields. The main consideration when trying to write a special subject is to make sure that it is easy to read and written well.The next step is to try to get a feel for what is expected from the essay samples for master degree holders. This can be done by browsing through books about the subject and seeing what is said there. Students who want to pursue this field will also be able to get some ideas from various literature materials.These types of essay samples are usually drawn from the different kinds of literary works that are commonly found in the field. Thus, the student will get a better feel of wh at kind of writing will be required from them. The student should also look at the poems that are included in these samples and learn how to use these poetry pieces to create an original piece.The students should also consider what types of literature to look for when they are looking for essay samples for master degree holders. These can include essays on the history of literature, fiction and memoirs, and biographies.The students should also look for various kinds of essay samples online. These usually contain many kinds of creative writings that are aimed at getting students to improve their skills in writing. They are intended to teach students what types of things they should do in order to write a good essay.

Intercultural And Interracial Friendships And Cultural...

Chen, Y., Nakazawa, M. (2009). Influences of culture on self-disclosure as relationally situated in intercultural and interracial friendships from a social penetration perspective. Journal of intercultural communication research, 38(2), 77-98. doi:10.1080/17475750903395408 In this article the researchers explored what the influences of culture have on self-disclosure in intercultural and interracial friendships and relationships in the United States. These friendships and relationships face obstacles and challenges. The focus on intercultural and interracial friendships and relationships has social and practical implications for improving race relations. The researchers started off by defining friendship as a relationship involving†¦show more content†¦In the authors’ studies, they found that the use of idiomatic communication related to solidarity and relational satisfaction. The objective of this study was to get a better understanding of the roles of idiomatic communication and its effect on relationships. The pilot study used 28 participants, eighteen men and ten women, who deciphered the instructions and completed a survey regarding idiomatic communication. The participants earned extra credit for their time in this study. Further more, the main study involved 275 students who were engaged in a romantic relationship from a large Mid-Atlantic university. The men and women who participated in this study ranged from ages between 18 to 41 years old with no more demographic information provided. There were three research questions that were used in this study that all delved into the functions of idiomatic communication in the de-escalation stage, the relational stage, and in relation to the gender of the relational partner. Although the information in this study was thoroughly explained, there were several limitations. Those limitations include fewer participants experienced a de-escalating stage. Second, the data should have been collected from both romantic partners to legitimize the study. Lastly, the data for this study was gathered from unmarried adults. Furthermore, future research should be done to examine the stages of relationships, toShow MoreRelatedHow Adolescence Should Be Given Opportunities For Comm unication Among Individuals From Different Cultures1399 Words   |  6 Pagesadolescence should be given the opportunity to communicate and form bonds with individuals from another culture so that they may form intercultural friendships in a nation that continues to grow increasingly diverse. This paper explores five published articles pertaining to communication among individuals from different cultures. More specifically focusing on intercultural friendships and the importance of creating opportunities for communication across cultures in adolescents. This paper recognizes a studyRead MoreIntercultural Communication21031 Words   |  85 PagesI. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION. FRAMEWORK ...the single greatest barrier to business success is the one erected by culture. Edward T. Hall and Mildred Reed Hall Why study Intercultural Communication? Cultural diversity and multiculturalism are the realities of everyday life for almost everyone. The growth of interdependence of people and cultures in the global society of the twenty-first century has forced us to pay more attention to intercultural issues. In order to live and functionRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBarriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information Overload 353 †¢ Emotions 353 †¢ Language 354 †¢ Silence 354 †¢ Communication Apprehension 355 †¢ Lying 355 Global Implications 356 Cultural Barriers 356 †¢ Cultural Context 357 †¢ A Cultural Guide 358 Summary and Implications for Managers 360 S A L S A L Self-Assessment Library Am I a Gossip? 336 An Ethical Choice The Ethics of Gossip at Work 345 Myth or Science? â€Å"We Know What Makes Good Liars Good†

Affirmative Action Essay - 1282 Words

According to Newman, affirmative action is a â€Å"program designed to seek out members of minority groups for positions from which they had previously been excluded, thereby seeking to overcome some institutional racism† (Newman, 536). Affirmative action made its debut with a piece of legislature passed by President Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and continues to this day. However, the concept of affirmative action is a controversial issue that continues to be hotly debated. Affirmative action policies are passionately debated by everyone from educators and politicians to ordinary citizens, all who hold differing opinions on both the necessity and validity of the policies. There is no doubt affirmative action is an emotional topic and deals with the†¦show more content†¦Among the citizens of America affirmative action is a sensitive subject with some seeing it as a necessity to help those who have been repressed and others seeing it as reverse racism. Many Americans may also be conflicted about affirmative action, because it is such a complex issue. People fervently debate affirmative action, because it is a complex issue revolving around one’s own race, experiences, and desires. It cannot be denied that there are many benefits to affirmative action in that it helps to ensure both fairness and diversity in organizations, such as schools. In many places across American discrimination is still alive and well. Because of this, affirmative action is necessary to action ensure that people of minority groups will not be denied admission to schools or employment based on their race. After all, there are some organizations who would not be willing to change their policies unless forced by the government to do so. Also, many minority groups are still underrepresented in schools and occupations, which is unfortunate because it gives people a skewed view of what the population of America truly looks like and lets them think of different races as simply the homogenous others, instead of seeing them as people. Being around people who are different is â€Å"necessary to dispel stereotypes about minorities† and as the Department of Education points out, â€Å"Intera cting with students who have different perspectives and life experiences canShow MoreRelatedThe Affirmative Of Affirmative Action Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pages Many affirmative action efforts have been made since the end of the Civil War in order to remedy the results of hundreds of years of slavery, segregation and denial of opportunity for groups that face discrimination. Many African Americans such as President Barack Obama, Senator Cory Booker, the writer Toni Morrison, the literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, media star Oprah Winfrey, and rap star Jay-Z have achieved positions of power and influence in the wider society (Giddens, Duneier, AppelbaumRead MoreAffirmative Action1559 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER AFFIRMATIVE ACTION INTRODUCTION Affirmative Action is an employment legislation protection system that is intended to address the systemized discrimination faced by women and minorities. It achieves this by enforcing diversity through operational intrusions into recruitment, selection, and other personnel functions and practices in America. Originally, Affirmative Action arose because of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s desire to integrate society on educationalRead MoreAffirmative Action1160 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action Marlene S. Smith MGT/434 October 28, 2013 Thomas Affirmative Action Affirmative action is an action that was purposefully designed to provide full and equal opportunities for employment and education for women, minorities, and other individuals belonging to disadvantaged groups. This paper will assess the rudiments of Affirmative Action as it applies to public and private sector employers. The paper will also evaluate what employers are subject to affirmative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action1571 Words   |  7 PagesName Professor Name Management 11th November 2011 Affirmative Action Thesis: Affirmative Action has helped many women and minorities in entering the job market. Although there has been a lot of hue and cry regarding the benefits of the affirmative action and the suitability of candidates selected thorough affirmative action; research has shown that affirmative action is beneficial and the candidates of affirmative action perform as well as those who are selected through theRead MoreAffirmative Actions1078 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: AFFERMATIVE ACTION Affirmative Actions Affirmative action is an action taken by an organization to select on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity by giving due preferences to minorities like women and races being not adequately represented under the existing employment. To make the presentation of all these compositions almost equal in proportion to do away the injustice done in the past. The Supreme Company need to design an affirmative action program in the light ofRead MoreAffirmative Action1759 Words   |  8 PagesAffirmative Action Right? Affirmative action has been around for decades. Some believe it isn’t fair but others do. Those who believe and agree with affirmative action tend to say, â€Å"The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people† (Bidmead, Andrew pg 3). Others that disagree with it and find it unfair simply see it as another form of discrimination, giving one group extra advantages based upon nothingRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative1263 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America there are many different views on the effects of affirmative action. Many see it as a negative policy which gives an unnecessary advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew Poll, â€Å"58% of African Americans agree† and only â€Å"22% whites agree† that there should be â€Å"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities† (Public Backs Affirmative Action†). Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, suchRead MoreAffirmative Action774 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action is a practice that is intended to promote opportunities for the â€Å"protected class† which includes minorities, woman, and people with disabilities or any disadvantaged group for that matter. With affirmative action in place people of this protected class are given an even playing field in terms of hiring, promotion, as well as compensation. Historically, affirmative action is only known to have protected African Americans and woman; however that is not the case. Affirmative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action : Gender Action Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action (ADD PROPER INTRO) Affirmative action, in its broadest sense, are attempts to help create labor and educational opportunities for groups that have been disadvantaged in the past. (Miriam Webster). Evidence has shown that throughout history, many groups have been discriminated against, and because of past (discriminations?), they continue to experience obstacles in areas of hiring, promotion, renting, buying, gaining education, and everyday economic activities. Thus, affirmativeRead MoreAffirmative Action Is An Action Or Policy? Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pages Affirmative Action remains one of the more complicated and controversial topics dealt with in American society. Affirmative Action is an action or policy designed to protect specific groups who suffer from discrimination, and provide them with programs and special opportunities. These government or private programs were designed to set right historical injustices towards the members of these groups who have suffered things like employment and e ducational disadvantages from racial discrimination

Langston Hughes A Poet Supreme Essay Example For Students

Langston Hughes A Poet Supreme Essay Black poetry is poetry that (1) is grounded in the black experience; (2) utilizes black music as a structural or emulative model; and (3) consciously transforms the prevailing standards of poetry through and inconoclastic and innovative use of language. No poet better carries the mantle of model and innovator the Langston Hughes, the prolific Duke Ellington of black poetry. Hughess output alone is staggering. During his lifetime, he published over eight hundred poems. Moreover, he single-handedly defined blues poetry and is arguably the first major jazz poet. Early in his career he realized the importance of reading his poetry to receptive audiences. When Alain Locke arranged a poetry reading by Hughes before the Playwriters Circle in 1972 in Washington, a blues pianist accompanied him, bringing Hughes the artist and blues music one step closer together, even though Hughes felt that the piano player was too polished. He suggested to his Knopf editor that they ought to get a regular Lenox Avenue blues boy to accompany him at his reading in New York. In the fifties Hughes was a major voice in the movement of recording with jazz accompaniment. Although I have neither the space, inclination, or ability to give a close textual reading of Hughess poetry and although a large body of critical work already exists, I would like to focus on one piece by Hughes to evidence my case for his stature. That piece is the multipart, book-lenght poem Montage of a Dream Deferred (1951). In Montage, which Hughes described in a letter to Arna Bontemps as what you might call a precedent shattering opus-also could be known as a tour de force, Hughes addresses a number of critical problems facing black poetry: (1) how to affect a modern sensibility and at the same time maintain a grounding in the folk culture; (2) how to achieve the textual representation of the music, especially in terms of improvisation and variation of tone and timbre; and (3) how to use the vernacle without resorting to dialect. Hughes realized that is was impossible to do what he wanted to do in one piece, so he composed a series of short poems that play effect off eachother. Western literacy thought values the long form, the novel in particular, as a statement of intellectual acheivement and implicity devalues short forms. For this reason a collection of short stories rarely recieves equal critical attention as does a novel by the same author. In order to make the long form stand out, the author is expected to demonstrate complexity of plot and character developement. But these and related concerns are simply a culturally biased valuation of a specific set of literacy devices, often at the expense of other devices (many of which center on the sounding of poetry on the page). In a very important sence, modern American poetry was moving toward painting, that is, a composition of words placed on a page, and away from music, that is, an articulation of words that have been both sense (meaning) and sound (emotion). Hughes clearly close to emphasize black music, which increasingly meant dealing with improvisation. The improvisation is implied in that certain themes, rhymes and rhythmic patterns, and recurring images ebb and flow throughout Montage- here spelled out in detail, there hinted at, and in another instance turned on their head. The above-quoated letter indicated that Hughes was conscious of what he was doing, and it is this self-consciousness that marks this as a modern poem. Indeed, Montage is almost postmodern in its mosaic of voices and attitude contained in one piece. Just as jazz simultaneously stresses the collective and the individual, Hughes component poems are each individual statements, but they are also part of a larger unit(y). Significantly, Hughes as an individual is de-emphasized in the work, even as various individual members of the community speak and are spoken about. In other words, Hughes becomes a medium, a sensitive and subtle medium, but a medium nonetheless. In a seemingly simple form, Hughes serves as a sounding board for the articulation of people who are usually voiceless. The works modernity is the self-reflective nature of all the voiced speaking, and in speaking, coming to consciouness of themselves and their environment. Time and time again we hear voices self-consciously grappling with their Harlem realities, which include an international awareness of African American, West Indian, and African bonding. In the African American context modernity specifically refers to the post-Reconstruction, nothern-oriented urbanization of African American life. No presixties black poet was more complete in expressing the black urban viewpoint than Hughes. The ease with which Hughes voices the various personalities and points of view belies both complexity and progressiveness of his achievement. The Lottery A Setting Analysis EssayBut just as few pianists are able to play like Monk and no musicians have to able to match his compositional authority; similarity, emphasis on Eurocentric poetic devices notwithstanding few poets have been able to write from inside the black experience like Hughes, and no one has achieved as impressive a body of compositions, that is textual peoms. Lanston Hughes was absolutely clear about the focus of his work and the danger inherent in articulating the history and vision, the realities and aspirations, of the sufferers. An emphasis on dual responsibilites, social literacy, is in itself a particular feature of a black aesthetic. This is not new, or novel, but it does continue to be controversial precisely because it contextualizes art within the world as the world actually is , beset by dominant and dominating forces who enforce (sometimes under the rubric of free enterprise) all manners of economic exploitation. There is necessarily an opposition to commercialism inherent in the black aesthetic precisely because, from an African American perspective, the birth of the black experience, as archetypically illustrated by the Congo Suare experience, was simultaneously the site of both black art as ritual and black art as entertainment, with the entertainment undermining the rutual. Moreover, the birth of the African American was as a chattel slave, as a commercial product. If anyone is by birthright opposed to commericalism, it is certainly the African American. The advocacy of freedom and fighting against oppression and exploitation is not simply a question of content but also a question of the use of art. Langston Hughes was keenly aware of the dichotomy of content and aestetic and also of moral disaster of ignoring the reality and repercussions of such a dichotomy. Too many people in their literary criticism completely overlook social context and hence overlook as well the fact that the social thrust of peotry is intergral to its aestetics. Langston Hughes, as subtle as he was, and as innocuous as he may seem by todays standards, is exemplary of a poet grounded in the culture, consistent in his use of music as both inspiration and model, and innovative and iconoclastic in his use of English. Yes, it was and continues to be revolutionary to insist on transforming English into a tool of ritual within the black community and not just a lingua franca of commerce or individual self-expression. Finally, another aspect of Hughess abilites that is also overlooked or ignored is that he was multilingual and masterfully translated poetry, including seminal work of Nicholas Gullien and Federico Garcia Lorca. The importance of this observation is that this is another piece of irrefutable evidence that Hughess writing style was not reflective of the limitations of an undisciplined, unsophisticated, and provincial poet. Much of the criticism of Hughess poetry by textually influenced academicians would lead the reader to believe that Hughes was simply a hack writer who had some facility with musical imagery and styles. Such views who comfortably spoke three languages, translated literature from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and elsewhere, and traveled incessantly, could be thought of as a relitively unsophisticated, even simple poet. In much the same way the Pulitzer judges refused to award their prize to Duke Ellington in 1965 because they did not think his work was serious enough, Hughes has been denied both the appropriate formal awards and informal kudos, as well as significant posthumous awards from the American literacy establishment. Perhaps there is no suprise here because the elevation of self-determined blackness, especially outside of sports and entertainment, is usually greeted by deafening silence from both critical as well as the popular authorities of the status quo. How else could it be? To achieve blackness is inherently a liberating act, and liberation is neccessarily disruptive of the status quo. From my personal perspective, I feel that not just African American poetry, but poetry in itself has deep internal impacts on people in general. Self expression, life experiences, and point-of-views are all expressed in Poetry. As a poet, I hope to make my mark and contribution to African Americans as Langston Hughes has done for me.

Web Quests and Task

The phrase English as a foreign language or English as a second language means the language that has been mastered after the vernacular (or mother tongue). It could mean an intentionally learned language or one more language, the learning of which takes place in a multilingual environment with no special training.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Web Quests and Task-Based Learning in EFL Classrooms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Mike Long, the learners and their purposes of learning a second language can be divided into the two groups: those who learn the second language voluntarily (â€Å"school children required to ‘pass’ a foreign language, college students satisfying a language requirement or working toward a BA in literature, young adults headed overseas for university courses, as missionaries or to serve as volunteers, or adults needing a L2 for vocational training or occupational purposes† (2014, p. 98)) and the involuntary language learners whom the circumstances forced to soak up the language, which includes people of all ages. In our case, we are talking about learning English as a foreign language, which means learning it in non-English-speaking countries. As regards to the methods of teaching, the most widely used approach in the leading language schools all over the world today is the communicative approach. As the name implies, in the communicative method a crucial part is assigned to the communication practice. Its main purpose is helping students overcome the language barrier and relieve them from the fear of speaking in the foreign language, while simultaneously developing the language skills from writing and speaking to reading and listening (listening comprehension). Grammar is studied in the process of communication; at first, students develop and remember the words, phrases, and language formulas, and then they begin to disas semble them in terms of grammar. No reproducing exercises or drills are used in the classrooms with communicative approach; instead, task-based learning in the form of web quests is applied. During the task-based learning the student must be exposed to the foreign language to the extent possible in order to monitor its use, build its hypothesis, and as a result, experiment with it. One of the main objectives when selecting the type of task-based learning is the increase in the students’ activity; it is the targeted activity of the student, not the teacher; the teacher should set the specific tasks before the student, enabling him/her to conduct a spontaneous, individual and original experiment with the foreign language. As a result of fulfilling each of these tasks, the student will develop the extensive personal experience of using the foreign language; at this stage, the instructor plays a significant role. The teacher should help the student to come to the realization of t he activities, which follow the experiment. According to Nunan (2002), there are five main characteristics of the task-based learning:Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More the emphasis is made on teaching students to communicate in the target language; introduction of authentic texts (educational materials) to the learning situation; providing students with the opportunity to focus not only on language but on the process of learning; and increasing the individual experience of students as an important element contributing to training. The scope of the task-based learning has substantially increased, since today students may use online sources to search for the information required to fulfill the tasks; it resulted in the creation of web quests. The WebQuest technique was developed by Bernie Dodge and Tom March at San Diego State University â€Å"as a type of computer-based to ol for teachers to enhance students’ understanding of complex topics† (Schumm 2006). In other words, it is a problematic task with role-playing game elements, for the fulfillment of which the Internet information resources are used. Compared with other tasks based on the Internet resources such as Hotlist, Multimedia Scrapbook, Treasure/Scavenger Hunt, and Subject Sampler (Mongan-Rallis Hughes n.d.), web quests are more challenging both for students and teachers. It aims to develop students’ skills of analytical and creative thinking; the instructor who creates a web quest must possess a high level of the subject, methodical and informational communication competency. Web quests may be dedicated to diverse topics; the degree of problematic tasks complexity may vary. Depending on the materials being studied, the results of a fulfilled task can be presented as an oral presentation, computer presentation, essay, web pages, etc. According to Bernie Dodge’s We bQuest model, there are the following types of web quest tasks: retelling, compilation, mystery, journalistic task, design, creative product, consensus building, persuasion, self-knowledge, analytical, judgment, and scientific tasks (Dodge 2002). Let us take a more detailed look at each task. The retelling task includes demonstrating the understanding of the subject on the basis of materials from various sources submitted in a new format, such as a presentation, poster or a story. Some examples of retelling web quest are as follows: Will That Volcano Spoil Our Party, Tropical Travelers, and Deserts of the World (College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, n.d.). Compilation task is aimed at transforming the format of the information obtained from the various sources; for example, â€Å"a cookbook compiled from recipes solicited from relatives, a virtual exhibition or a time capsule† (Dodge 2002).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Web Quests and Task-Based Learning in EFL Classrooms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When solving a mystery, students draw conclusions based on the contradictory facts. The journalistic task involves the objective presentation of information (dividing the opinions and facts). The design task includes the development of a plan or project on the basis of predetermined conditions. For example, in the Travel Japan web quest, students need to complete the introductory sheet about Japan using the Internet (Travel Japan n.d.). The creative product task involves making a creative work in a particular genre, such as a play, poem, song or video. According to Bernie Dodge, there are some limits put on this task, as it requires â€Å"historical accuracy, adherence to a particular artistic style, use of the conventions of a particular format, internal consistency, limitations on length, size, or scope† (2002). Consensus building task i s aimed at the elaboration of an attitude to a sensitive issue, such as a controversial political event. The goal of persuasion web quests is winning over an opponent or a neutral-minded individual, while the self-knowledge tasks are developed around â€Å"long term goals, ethical and moral issues, self-improvement, art appreciation, personal responses to literature†, meaning those issues related to the personality aspects (Dodge 2002). When it comes to the analysis-based web quests, the analytical tasks teach students how to search and systematize all kinds of information. The examples include Poe Webquest (Literary Criticism and Poe Webquest n.d.). Dodge’s two remaining web quest types, the judgment and scientific task, are dedicated to justifying a certain point of view and examining various phenomena, discoveries, and facts on the basis of unique online sources, respectively. The use of web quests and other tasks based on the Internet resources in language learning requires students to have the appropriate level of language proficiency in order to work with the authentic resources of the Internet. In this regard, the effective integration of web quests in the process of learning of foreign languages is possible in the cases where the web quest is a creative task in completing the study of any subject and is accompanied by the lexical and grammatical exercises on the basis of linguistic material of the authentic resources used in the web quest. Implementation of such exercises may either precede the work on the quest or run in parallel with it. Web quests consist of the following sections: Introduction, Task, Order of Work on the Task and the Necessary Resources, Assessment, Conclusion, Used Materials and the Instructor’s Comments. The task formulates a problem and describes a presentation form for the final result. The order of work and the necessary resources include the sequence of actions, the roles assigned, and the resources neces sary to perform the task (links to the websites or any other sources of information), as well as the auxiliary materials (examples, templates, tables, forms, instructions, etc.) allowing a more efficient organization of work on the web quest.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The assessment is a description of the criteria and parameters for assessing the web quest, which is represented as an evaluation form. The evaluation criteria depend on the type of the learning tasks that are completed as part of the web quest. The conclusion summarizes the new abilities developed by the students while solving this quest. The materials used are links to the resources that have been used for the creation of the web quest. To conclude, it should be emphasized that the communicative approach is one the most effective ways of teaching EFL students with a high level of competence. The communicative approach can take the form of online task-based learning, which includes hotlist, multimedia scrapbook, treasure hunt, subject sampler, and web quest. Reference List College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. Why do the humanities matter? n.d., Digital Desert Library. Web. Dodge, B 2002, WebQuest Taskonomy: A Taxonomy of Tasks. Web. Literary Criticism and P oe Webquest n.d. Web. Long, M 2014, Second language acquisition and task-based language teaching, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken. Mongan-Rallis H Hughes T n.d., Teaching Strategies: Using the Web as a Teaching Learning Resource, WebQuests. Web. Nunan, D 2002, Second Language Teaching and Learning. Heinle and Heinle Publishers, Boston. Schumm, J 2006, Reading assessment and instruction for all learners, Guilford Press, New York. Travel Japan n.d., WebQuest Template. Web. This critical writing on Web Quests and Task-Based Learning in EFL Classrooms was written and submitted by user Asher Sheppard to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Three Conferences That Created the Dominion of Canada

Three Conferences That Created the Dominion of Canada About 150 years ago the three British colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island were considering the possibilities of joining together as a Maritime Union, and a meeting was set in Charlottetown, PEI for September 1, 1864. John A. Macdonald, then Premier of the Province of Canada (formerly Lower Canada, now Quebec, and Upper Canada, now southern Ontario) asked if representatives from the Province of Canada could also attend the meeting. The Province of Canada contingent showed up on the SS Queen Victoria, which was well supplied with champagne. That week Charlottetown was also hosting the first real circus Prince Edward Island had seen in twenty years, so accommodation for the last-minute Conference delegates was a bit short. Many stayed and continued discussions on board ship. The Conference lasted for eight days, and the topic rather quickly switched from creating a Maritime Union to building a cross-continent nation. The discussions continued through formal meetings, grand balls, and banquets and there was general approval for the idea of Confederation. The delegates agreed to meet again in Quebec City that October and then in London, United Kingdom to continue to work on the details. In 2014, Prince Edward Island commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Charlottetown Conference with celebrations all year long, across the entire province. The PEI 2014 Theme Song, Forever Strong, captures the mood. The Quebec Conference of 1864 In October 1864, all the delegates who had been present at the earlier Charlottetown Conference attended the conference in Quebec City, which simplified getting an agreement. The delegates worked out many of the details of what the system and structure of government for the new nation would be like, and how powers would be shared between provinces and the federal government. By the end of the Quebec Conference, 72 resolutions (called the Quebec resolutions) were adopted and became a substantial part of the British North America Act. The London Conference of 1866 After the Quebec Conference, the Province of Canada approved the union. In 1866 New Brunswick and Nova Scotia also passed resolutions for a union. Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland still refused to join. (Prince Edward  Island joined in 1873 and Newfoundland joined in 1949.)  Towards the end of 1866, delegates from the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia approved the 72 resolutions, which then became the London resolutions. In January 1867 work began on drafting the British North America Act. Canada East would be called Quebec. Canada West would be called Ontario. It was finally agreed that the country would be named the Dominion of Canada, and not the Kingdom of Canada. The bill got through the British House of Lords and the House of Commons quickly, and received Royal Assent on March 29, 1867, with July 1, 1867, the date of the union. Fathers of Confederation Its confusing to try and figure out who the Canadian Fathers of Confederation were. They are generally considered to be the 36 men representing the British colonies in North America who attended at least one of these three major conferences on Canadian confederation.

The Legend of Shaolin Monk Warriors

The Legend of Shaolin Monk Warriors The Shaolin Monastery is the most famous temple in China, renown for its kung fu fighting Shaolin monks. With amazing feats of strength, flexibility, and pain-endurance, the Shaolin have created a worldwide reputation as the ultimate Buddhist warriors. Yet Buddhism is generally considered to be a peaceful religion with an emphasis on principles such as non-violence, vegetarianism, and even self-sacrifice to avoid harming others - how, then, did the monks of Shaolin Temple become fighters? The history of Shaolin begins about 1500 years ago, when a stranger arrived in China from lands to the west, bringing with him a new interpretation religion and spans all the way to modern-day China where tourists from around the world come to experience displays of their ancient martial arts and teachings. Origin of the Shaolin Temple Legend says that around 480 CE a wandering Buddhist teacher came to China from ​India, known as Buddhabhadra, Batuo or Fotuo in Chinese.  According to later, Chan - or in Japanese, Zen - Buddhist tradition, Batuo taught that Buddhism could best be transmitted from master to student, rather than through the study of Buddhist texts. In 496, the Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen gave  Batuo  funds to establish a monastery at holy Mt. Shaoshi in the Song mountain range, 30 miles from the imperial capital of Luoyang. This temple was named Shaolin, with Shao taken from Mount Shaoshi and   lin meaning grove - however, when Luoyang and the Wi Dynasty fell in 534, temples in the area were destroyed, possibly including Shaolin. Another Buddhist teacher was Bodhidharma, who came from either India or Persia. He famously refused to teach Huike, a Chinese disciple, and Huike cut off his own arm to prove his sincerity, becoming the Bodhidharmas first student as a result. The Bodhidharma also reportedly spent 9 years in silent meditation in a cave above Shaolin, and one legend says that he fell asleep after seven years, and cut off his own eyelids so that it could not happen again - the eyelids turned into the first tea bushes when they hit the soil. Shaolin in the Sui and Early Tang Eras Around 600, Emperor Wendi of the new Sui Dynasty,  who was a committed Buddhist himself despite his Confucianism court,  awarded Shaolin a 1,400-acre estate plus the right to grind grain with a water mill. During that time,  the Sui reunified China but his reign lasted only 37 years. Soon, the country once more dissolved into the fiefs of competing warlords. Shaolin Temples fortunes rose with the ascension of the Tang Dynasty in 618, formed by a rebel official from the Sui court. Shaolin monks famously fought for Li Shimin against the warlord Wang Shichong. Li would go on to be the second Tang emperor. Despite their earlier assistance, Shaolin and Chinas other Buddhist temples faced numerous purges and in 622 Shaolin was shut down and the monks forcibly returned to lay life. Just two years later, the temple was allowed to reopen due to the military service its monks had rendered to the throne, but in 625, Li Shimin returned 560 acres to the monasterys estate. Relations with the emperors were uneasy throughout the 8th century, but Chan Buddhism blossomed across China and in 728, the monks erected a stele engraved with stories of their military aid to the throne as a reminder to future emperors. The Tang to Ming Transition and Golden Age In 841, the Tang Emperor Wuzong feared the power of the Buddhists so he razed almost all of the temples in his empire and had the monks defrocked or even killed. Wuzong idolized his ancestor Li Shimin, however, so he spared Shaolin. In 907, the Tang Dynasty fell and the chaotic 5 Dynasties and 10 Kingdom periods ensued with the Song family eventually prevailing and taking rulership of the region until 1279. Few records of Shaolins fate during this period survive, but it is known that in  1125, a shrine was built to the Bodhidharma, a half mile from Shaolin. After the Song fell to invaders, the Mongol Yuan Dynasty  ruled until 1368, destroying the Shaolin once more as its empire crumbled during the 1351 Hongjin (Red Turban) rebellion. Legend states that a Bodhisattva, disguised as a kitchen worker, saved the temple, but it was in fact burned to the ground. Still, by the 1500s, the monks of Shaolin were famous for their staff-fighting skills. In 1511, 70 monks died fighting bandit armies and between 1553 and 1555, the monks were mobilized to fight in at least four battles against Japanese pirates. The next century saw the development of Shaolins empty-hand fighting methods. However, the monks fought on the Ming side in the 1630s and lost. Shaolin in the Early Modern and Qing Era In 1641, rebel leader Li Zicheng destroyed the monastic army, sacked Shaolin and killed or drove away from the monks before going on to take Beijing in 1644, ending the Ming Dynasty. Unfortunately, he was driven out in turn by the Manchus who founded the Qing Dynasty. Shaolin Temple lay mostly deserted for decades and the last abbot, Yongyu, left without naming a successor in 1664. Legend says that a group of Shaolin monks rescued the Kangxi Emperor from nomads in 1674. According to the story, envious officials then burned down the temple, killing most of the monks and Gu Yanwu traveled to the remains of Shaolin in 1679 to record its history. Shaolin slowly recovered from being sacked, and in 1704, the Kangxi Emperor made a gift of his own calligraphy to signal the temples return to imperial favor.  The monks had learned caution, however, and empty-hand fighting began to displace weapons training - it was best not to seem too threatening to the throne. In 1735 to 1736, the emperor Yongzheng and his son Qianlong decided to renovate Shaolin and cleanse its grounds of fake monks - martial artists who affected monks robes without being ordained. The Qianlong Emperor even visited Shaolin in 1750  and wrote poetry about its beauty, but later banned monastic martial arts. Shaolin in the Modern Era During the nineteenth century, the monks of Shaolin were accused of violating their monastic vows by eating meat, drinking alcohol and even hiring prostitutes. Many saw vegetarianism as impractical for warriors, which is probably why government officials sought to impose it upon Shaolins fighting monks. The temples reputation received a serious blow during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 when Shaolin monks were implicated - probably incorrectly - in teaching the Boxers martial arts. Again in 1912, when Chinas last imperial dynasty fell due to its weak position compared with intrusive European powers, the country fell into chaos, which ended only with the victory of the Communists under Mao Zedong in 1949. Meanwhile, in 1928, the warlord Shi Yousan burned down 90% of the Shaolin Temple, and much of it would not be rebuilt for 60 to 80 years. The country eventually came under Chairman Maos rule, and monastic Shaolin monks fell from cultural relevance.   Shaolin Under Communist Rule At first, Maos government did not bother with what was left of Shaolin. However, in accordance with Marxist doctrine, the new government was officially atheist. In 1966, the Cultural Revolution broke out and Buddhist temples were one of the Red Guards primary targets. The few remaining Shaolin monks were flogged through the streets and then jailed, and Shaolins texts, paintings, and other treasures were stolen or destroyed. This might have finally been the end of Shaolin, if not for the 1982 film Shaolin Shi  or Shaolin Temple, featuring the debut of Jet Li (Li Lianjie). The movie was based very loosely on the story of the monks aid to Li Shimin and became a huge smash hit in China. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, tourism exploded at Shaolin, reaching more than 1 million people per year by the end of the 1990s. Shaolins monks are now among the best known on Earth, and they put on martial arts displays in world capitals with  literally thousands of films having been made about their exploits. Batuos Legacy Its hard to imagine what the first abbot of Shaolin would think if he could see the temple now. He might be surprised and even dismayed by the amount of bloodshed in the temples history and its use in modern culture as a tourist destination. However, to survive the tumult that has characterized so many periods of Chinese history, the monks of Shaolin had to learn the skills of warriors, most of important of which was survival. Despite a number of attempts to erase the temple, it survives and even thrives today at the base of the Songshan Range.

Discussion board reply Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Discussion board reply - Assignment Example However, having to learn with a group, one is able to participate in a multidimensional learning process. I have observed that I tend to revise my assumptions after learning about others input. And this is a good thing. In the merit-based system, for instance, I learned more insights from others that are culturally-based, information that I would not have been aware of. I understand that several of my classmates come from different backgrounds and this shows in the different attitudes towards the pay system issue. This reflects, for me, a real world workplace scenario typified by multiculturalism, requiring me to continuously negotiate with my own and those of others points of view. Hence, when it was proposed that a balanced performance-based and traditional pay system may be better, I had to look at the issue closer and found validity in the argument. I think this is aligned with the concept of perspective transformation in learning where a dimension in group learning, which I beli eve should be taken advantage of, is how it moves us closer to contractual relationships and away from the constraints of personal presuppositions so that we are able to effectively perceive and learn (Amstutz, 1999, p.

Customer Decision Making and Brand Personality Essay

Customer Decision Making and Brand Personality - Essay Example Branding is done for particular objectives chief among them helping in the delivery of the message to the potential clients with clarity and precision. A great brand also confirms the viability of a product and the company that presents the brand and also connects the target market with the product emotionally. A good brand also motivates buyers and gives them more reasons to identify with the product has made specifically for them. Wanting cannot be done in isolation without understanding the needs and desires of the customers. A brand should therefore integrate the emotions and desires of potential clients with the identity of the product to increase the magnitude of the product (Schiffman et al, 2011). Brand Personality Brand personality is described as a set of human features that can be identified in a product, good or service that is available in the market; it is a feature that customers and potential clients can easily relate with due to its consistent traits and features. Br and personality is considered as a value added trait that makes a good more visible and imposed to the clients. A product with good brand personality has the ability to excite, is competent, sincere, rugged and sophisticated. A customer feels free to buy a product whose traits and characters can be related to their own behaviors and lifestyle. A carefree, youthful, elegant, rough, and thoughtful personality identifies easily with a product that has the same pool of features. The market is like a crowded room full of different products shouting to be seen and recognized by the buyers or potential clients. A good brand personality stands out in a crowded market and does this without standing or being more conspicuous. The brand trait and personality alone is enough to make all the customers recognize it and make an effort towards buying it. Great brands are believed to go beyond â€Å"transactional loyalty† which is the negotiated sales and frequency points to create a real con nection that can create emotional royalty (Schiffman et al, 2011). Before a customer can understand and recognize a brand, there is need for the marketer to understand his/her brand personality. The marketer and the organization must put itself in the shoes of the customer by first analyzing the impact that the brand may create. An organization must therefore identify an object, personality or even animal that they feel suits their image or the image of their product. For example, which car brand or animal does an organization feel it can be associated with? Can the analogy of a convertible or a Volvo, or even a lion or a given sport or movie celebrity fit into the services they offer? (Sung, 2010) Understanding a brand personality is like taking a look at the mirror to see what your reflection looks like in your face and in the face of the customers. Clarity and confidence in a brand personality is also essential for organizations and marketers for it enable them to identify the st rengths and weaknesses of the brand (Russell and Emily, 2011). Implementing a brand personality is an important aspect of marketing as it requires in depth analysis of the nature and impact of that the brand may create. Implementing a brand personality require the complete adopting of three steps which are attributed to the strength and ability of a brand to impress.

The Evolution Of Canada :: Canadian Culture

The Evolution Of Canada Canada, independent nation in North America. A country rich in minerals and agriculture, it was settled by the French and English and became an independent Commonwealth country with a federal system of government, in which the provinces enjoy a large measure of autonomy. Land and Economy. The 2nd-largest country in the world (after the USSR), Canada occupies the N half of the North American continent, stretching E and W from the Atlantic to Pacific oceans, N from the 49th parallel to the North Pole, including all the islands in the Arctic Ocean from W of Greenland to Alaska. It is divided into 10 provinces, which are (E-W): Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Two territories--Northwest Territories and Yukon Territory--are in the N and NW. The outstanding geological feature is the Canadian Shield, a 1,850,000-sq- mi (4,791,500-sq-km) arc of Pre-Cambrian rock from Labrador around Hudson Bay to the Arctic islands. The Shield, site of once great mountain chains worn down and covered by the sea, contains valuable minerals--gold, silver, platinum, copper, nickel, cobalt, iron, and zinc--making Canada one of the most important mining countries in the world. The Shield's N portion is a treeless plain with permanently frozen subsoil; in its S section are forests. Extending from the Shield's W border to the Canadian Rockies are prairies more than 800mi (1,288km) wide that yield wheat, the dominant crop, and are centers of livestock raising. W Canada is a land of mountains with fishing, agriculture, and lumbering as important industries. With the development of major oil and natural gas deposits since the 1950s in the W, the now-dominant energy industry has resulted in dramatic economic growth there, and made Canada a major oil-producing country. The E provinces provide rich farm lands, forests, coal mines, and major fishing sources along the long coastline. Source of a route into the interior for early settlers, the St Lawrence-Great Lakes area is the most populous section of Canada as well as its economic and political center. It contains over 60% of the population. Abundant minerals have made Canada the world leader in the production of silver, nickel, potash, and zinc; second in gypsum, asbestos, uranium, and sulfur; third in gold, lead, and platinum; fourth in magnesium and fifth in copper. Timber is also valuable, and Canada is a world leader in newsprint production. The growth of manufacturing during the 1950s and 1960s changed Canada from a rural society to an industrial and urban country. Farming employs 7% of the working population.

Artificial Intelligence for Speech Recognition Essay

ABSTRACT: When you dial the telephone number of a big company, you are likely to hear the sonorous voice of a cultured lady who responds to your call with great courtesy saying â€Å"welcome to company X. Please give me the extension number you want† .You pronounces the extension number, your name, and the name of the person you want to contact. If the called person accepts the call, the connection is given quickly. This is artificial intelligence where an automatic call-handling system is used without employing any telephone operator. Artificial Intelligence (AI) involves two basic ideas. First, it involves studying the thought processes of human beings. Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines (computers, robots, etc).AI is the behavior of a machine, which, if performed by a human being, would be called intelligent. It makes machines smarter and more useful, is less expensive than natural intelligence. Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to Artificial Intelligence methods of Communicating with a computer in a natural language like English. The main objective of a NLP program is to understand input and initiate action. The input words are scanned and matched against internally stored known words. Identification of a keyword causes some action to be taken. In this way, one can communicate with computer in one’s language. One of the main application of AI is speech recognition system is that it lets user do other works simultaneously. The speech recognition process is performed by a software component known as the speech recognition engine. A speech recognition system is a type of software that allows the user to have their spoken words converted into written text in a computer application such as a word processor or spreadsheet. The computer can also be controlled by the use of spoken commands. As we can’t design electronic device which recognizes everyone’s voice, based on that it is divided into speaker dependency and speaker independency. The working of the system involves ADC, comparison of this binary version with the stored words. The limitations for this are: must be completely trained by the user, most successful for those competent in the art of dictation. It is applicable in blue eyes technology, telephone applications like travel booking, financial account information, in military for controlling of weapons. By considering all the above factors it differs from other technologies as it produce written text from the user’s dictation, without using, or with only minimal use of, a traditional keyboard and mouse. This is an obvious benefit to many people who, for any number of reasons, do not find it easy to use a keyboard, or whose spelling and literacy skills would benefit from seeing occur. Speech recognition will revolutionize the way people conduct business over the Web and will, ultimately, differentiate world-class ebusinesses the Web, decreases fatigue and created its own path across various fields. INTRODUCTION: Evidence of Artificial Intelligence folklore can be traced back to ancient Egypt, but with the development of the electronic computer in 1941, the technology finally became available to create machine intelligence. The term artificial intelligence was first coined in 1956, at the Dartmouth conference, and since then Artificial Intelligence has expanded because of the theories and principles developed by its dedicated researchers. Artificial intelligence, also known as machine intelligence, is defined as intelligence exhibited by anything manufactured (i.e. artificial) by humans or other sentient beings or systems (should such things ever exist on Earth or elsewhere). With the popularity of the AI computer growing, the interest of the public has also grown. Applications for the Apple Macintosh and IBM compatible computer, such as voice and character recognition have become available. Also AI technology has made steadying camcorders simple using fuzzy logic. With a greater demand for A I-related technology, new advancements are becoming available. Inevitably Artificial Intelligence has, and will continue to affecting our lives. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Effort to develop computer-based systems: that behave like humans: learn languages ï‚ § accomplish physical tasks use a perceptual apparatus With the development of practical techniques based on AI research, advocates of AI have argued that opponents of AI have repeatedly changed their position on tasks such as computer chess or speech recognition that were previously regarded as â€Å"intelligent† in order to deny the accomplishments of AI. They point out that this moving of the goalposts effectively defines â€Å"intelligence† as â€Å"whatever humans can do that machines cannot†. A speech recognition system is a type of software that allows the user to have their spoken words converted into written text in a computer application such as a word processor or spreadsheet. The computer can also be controlled by the use of spoken commands. Speech recognition software can be installed on a personal computer of appropriate specification. The user speaks into a microphone (a headphone microphone is usually supplied with the product). The software generally requires an initial training and enrolment process in order to teach the software to recognize the voice of the user. A voice profile is then produced that is unique to that individual. This procedure also helps the user to learn how to speak to a computer. WORKING: The user speaks to the computer through a microphone, which in turn, identifies the meaning of the words and sends it to NLP device for further processing. Once recognized, the words can be used in a variety of applications like display, robotics, Commands to computers, and dictation .The word recognizer is a speech recognition system that identifies individual words. Following are a few of the basic terms and concepts that are fundamental to speech recognition. Utterances Pronunciations Grammar Accuracy The speech quality varies from person to person. The grammar used by the speaker and accepted by the system, noise level, noise type, position of the microphone, and speed and manner of the user ¶s speech are some factors that may affect the quality of the speech recognition. The computer must be trained to the voice of that particular individual. Such a system is called Speaker-dependent system. Speaker-independent system can be used by anybody, and can recognize any voice, even though the characteristics vary widely from one speaker to another. SPEECH DEPENDENT WORD RECOGNIER: The normal speech has a frequency range of 200 Hz to 7KHz. Recognizing a telephone call is more difficult as it has bandwidth limitations of 300Hz to 3.3KHz.As explained earlier the spoken words are processed by the filters and ADCs. The binary representation of each of these words becomes a template or standard against which the future words are compared. These templates are stored in the memory. Once the storing process is completed, the system can go into its active mode and is capable of identifying the spoken words. As each word is spoken, it is converted into binary equivalent and stored in RAM. The computer then starts searching and compares the binary input pattern with the templates. It is to be noted that even if the same speaker talks the same text, there are always slight variations in amplitude or loudness of the signal, pitch, frequency difference, time gap etc.Due to this reason there is never a perfect match between the template and the binary input word. The pattern matching process therefore uses statistical techniques and is designed to look for the best fit. The values of binary input words are subtracted from the corresponding values in the templates. If both the values are same, the difference is zero and there is perfect match. If not the subtraction produces some difference or error. the smaller the error the better the match. SPEECH INDEPENDENT WORD RECOGNIZER: The search process takes a considerable amount of time, as the CPU has to make many comparisons before recognition occurs. This necessitates use of very high-speed processors. A Large RAM is also required as even though a spoken word may last only a few hundred milliseconds, but the same is translated into many thousands of digital words. It is important to note that alignment of words and speeds as well as elongate different parts of the same word. This is important for the speaker- independent recognizers. APPLICATIONS: HEALTH CARE: Speech recognition is used to enable deaf people to understand the spoken word via speech to text conversion, which is very helpful. Speech recognition is especially useful for people who have difficulty using their hands, ranging from mild repetitive stress injuries to involved disabilities that preclude using conventional computer input devices. (HAND FREE COMPUTING). MILITARY: speech recognizers have been operated successfully in fighter aircraft with applications including: setting radio frequencies, commanding an autopilot system, setting steer-point coordinates and weapons release parameters, and controlling flight displays. TRAINING AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS: Training for military (or civilian) air traffic controllers (ATC) represents an excellent application for speech recognition systems. TELEPHONY: Speech is used mostly as a part of User Interface, for creating pre-defined or custom speech commands. LIMITATIONS:   It needs to be completely tailored to the user and trained by the user. It is often set up on one machine, and so can create difficulties for a user who Works from many locations, for example from school and home. It depends on the user having the desire to produce text and be able to invest the Time, training and perseverance necessary to achieve it. It is most successful for those competent in the art of dictation CONCLUSION: Speech recognition had prevailed and achieved tremendous results in different field’s .I t made our interactions with the computer easier than earlier. This technology had reduced the difference between human-to-human and human-to-machine interaction. FUTURE TRENDS: It would yield better results: When it was made noise resistant. Understand our emotions User friendly as accent of a machine differs from human’s It must be portable to use irrespective of the device. REFERENCES: www.seminoron .com www.edu.org www.ibm .com www.dragonsys.com

The Solution to Stereotypes in To Kill a Mockingbird by...

As long as stereotypes remain a part of society, justice cannot be upheld due to the bias and prejudice of these misconceptions. Specifically, in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee displays the outcome of a racist and stereotypical society through the eyes of the young protagonist Jean Louise (Scout) Finch. As Scout matures, she begins to notice the myriad of flaws and imperfections within her society and as a result, Scout’s father, Atticus Finch, teaches her to look past an individuals exterior. Thus, Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird displays the physical consequences of stereotypes as well as how they limit, restrict, and govern the actions of humans; ultimately, this exhibits the destructive nature of stereotypes that also†¦show more content†¦All in all, stereotypes are destructive as they result in pain and remorse. In addition, the presence of stereotypes limit and restrict the actions and ideas of individuals. This is because stereotypes are often de lusions which are regarded as the truth. Throughout the entire novel, it is evident that those who are white are kept separate from those who are black. Lula stopped, but she said, You aint got no business bringin white chillun here--they got their church, we got ourn. It is our church, aint it, Miss Cal? (119). This is significant as these racial groups do not share public areas. Fundamentally, this limits the social circles of individuals as this stereotype restricts interactions between those of a different skin colour. Furthermore, the misconception that those who are young are incapable, is problematic. Scouts teacher, Ms. Caroline Fisher said, We dont write in the first grade, we print. You wont learn to write until youre in the third grade (18). Although Scout already knew how to write, Ms. Caroline discouraged her from practicing this as she deemed Scout too young. However, by doing so, Scout is unable to mature as a person. Simply, stereotypes limit the thoughts and actions of individuals and restrict them from truly being themselves. However, the greatest flaw of human society, is allowing stereotypes to compel and dictate individual behaviour. ThisShow MoreRelatedEssay on Importance of the Trial in To Kill a Mockingbird1235 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of the Trial in To Kill a Mockingbird      Ã‚   The trial of Tom Robinson is central to our understanding of racial and social prejudice in Maycomb. Harper Lee uses Tom Robinsons crime to bring tensions in the town to a head and the author uses the trial as a way of making the ideas behind such tensions explicit for the reader.    The two people involved in the so-called crime, Tom Robinson and Mayella Ewell, are at the very bottom of Maycomb society. Tom is black andRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee3038 Words   |  13 Pagesin order to see the world clearly. Abandon the wrongs that have plagued society and strive instead for peace and equality. The novel To Kill A Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, took place during the Civil Rights Movement In the 1930’s. At the time, a lot of racism and prejudice was integrated into life as blacks became segregated from whites. Various stereotypes were formed, such as saying that blacks were dangerous, liars, and perverts, lusting for white women. In addition, they had entirely separateRead More Censorship in Schools Essay3746 Words   |  15 Pages(2001). One way of fostering this involvement is to have students connect emotionally to a piece of literature and then move to the intellectual aspects of the piece (Bushman, 2001). Bushman identifies an exam ple of this in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee: Teachers can ask students how they feel about the discrimination that occurs in the story, how discrimination relates to their lives, and finally move to the intellectual by asking how the characters in the book respond to the discrimination