The Basque Culinary Center Of Paris, The Whipped Stream...

In this chapter examples by which architectural works are informed by food are examined through four case studies. They include the Basque Culinary Centre, Elevated Market and Culinary School in Paris, The Whipped Stream International Gastronomic, and Coquinarium Gastronomic Center. They were chosen based on their ability to advise critical aspects of design such as form, structure, organization and building facade. The precedents also demonstrate a range of methods by which food influence architecture, whether displaying a literal or a more poetic application of the theme. The Basque Culinary Center is located in Donostia-San Sebastià ¡n, Gipuzkoa, Spain and sits next to the Miramon Technologic Business Park. Designed by Spanish design†¦show more content†¦Particularly in three groups, the first relates to the Academic area, the second aspect deals with the Practice area and the last focuses on the Research area. By combining these three groups in a vertical manner, each space within the design relates to the Gastronomic Practice area. Spaces such as the changing-rooms, ateliers, precooking kitchen, access to raw materials and other kitchens, assist in the development of a strong interconnection between the spaces, people and the food being consumed in a direct way. At a distance the building shows the different levels that gives the composition a unique character. Comparing its scale to the buildings of the Technologic Business Park, at short distance the roofs become areas used for cultivation of edible and aromatic plants, which almost neutralize the effect of the building towards the closest semi-detached housings. From a conceptual perspective, formulating the design composition is based on the scale work between the â€Å"iconographical image† (piled up dishes) and the building itself. The artist Robert Therrien (Chicago 1947) handles daily kitchen objects as dish services, pots and uplifts them into artistic objects, by means of accumulations, along with scale multiplication. The plane character of these objects takes contrast with their iconographical presence when they assume their new dimension. The same strategy has been taken to the exterior volume definition of the building, where the Therrien ´s

Engineering Essay - 1652 Words

From the beginning of human existence, man has identified ways to improve the standard of living. Electricity was one of these identified ways. The development of electricity led to the creation of electrical engineering, a challenging vocation that changed and improved our way of life. In this paper I will discuss the history of electrical engineering, the preparation for becoming an electrical engineer, and the actual career. The history of electrical engineering is rather recent, but it is based on ancient ideas. Electricity and magnetism are the two bases for electrical engineering. The Greeks were the first to discover the nature of attraction of amber and lodestone. The Chinese, on the other hand, were the first to control the†¦show more content†¦I used to hate English, but now I spend just as much time attempting to clearly communicate with others in writing as I do in performing actual engineering work. I wish I paid more attention in my English classes in school. (Abrahamsen) In preparation for the decision of which field of engineering one is interested in, one could job shadow an engineer. Also, one could get involved with some engineering related projects in society (Jets). These projects can let one know about certain disciplines and if these disciplines are of interest. The steps to preparing for engineering seem quite basic, but completing all will be time consuming and extremely difficult. Electrical engineers regularly apply what was learned in college in their daily work. For example, at Cal Poly University, the Electrical Engineering Department s goal is to educate students to achieve excellence in the discipline of electrical engineering. This is why Cal Poly S.L.O is considered to be one of the best electrical engineering colleges. The engineering program at Cal Poly is difficult to get into. One must have worked extremely hard and one must have received outstanding grades in high school to be admitted. Cal Poly tries to educate their students to the point where they can apply their knowledge to practical problems (Cal Poly). Electrical engineering graduates should be looking at many job opportunities since electricalShow MoreRelated Engineering Ethics Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesthis essay I shall consider whether the primary goal of a course on engineering should be to teach students the standards of professional conduct as set out by major engineering codes of ethics, or if they should think autonomously about moral issues. The speaker in the essay question suggest that the former argument is correct, and that engineering courses should have the goal of teaching students to master the standards set out by codes of ethics as following these is what engineering ethicsRead MoreA Career in Mechanical Engineering Essay993 Words   |  4 PagesI have chosen the career of Mechanical Engineering for this research paper. The reason why I choose this career is because I am very interested in prototyping, designing, and building machines and other types of tools that we use in our daily lives. Mechanical engineers make people’s lives better and easier. I find this interesting inspires me to become one of them. This is why I choose this profession for my research paper. I will be going over five topics for this paper. These topics are: 1.Read More Civil Engineering Essay557 Words   |  3 PagesCIVIL ENGINEERING nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Civil engineering is the oldest of the main branches of engineering. Civil engineers use their knowledge to supervise and plan construction projects such as roads, airports, bridges, canals, tunnels, and wastewater systems. They also collaborate with architects to design and construct various types of buildings. Some other civil engineering endeavors include highways, airports, pipelines, railroads, levees, and irrigation and sewage systems. 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I’ve been pushed to figure out my life with very little to work off of. All I was given were interest tests and orders to use my hobbies as a base. Obviously, I didn’t get very far with so little to work with and was always expecting the answer to just come to me. I suppose I have lucked out a bit and it did inRead MoreEssay on Biomedical Engineering534 Words   |  3 PagesBiomedical engineering, also known as â€Å"bioengineering†, is a branch of engineering that combines the design and problem solving techniques of engineering with biological and medical sciences to improve health-related and medical problems. Bioengineers have made many positive changes in many lives today. By designing live-saving objects such as artificial hearts, dialysis machines, and surgical lasers bioengineers have helped save many lives. 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Adoption and Identity Formation Free Essays

Adoption has many effects on families; identity formation is one the most important stages that a child has to form during the ages of adolescence. It is a lifelong process but it is mainly formed between the ages of 13 to 18. Forming an identity can be very difficult for an adopted child because leaving all the struggles that they will be already facing, the formation of identity will add another conflict in their lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Adoption and Identity Formation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Parents can help adopted children by establishing a sense of identity and by exposing them to cultural background. If a child has issues or problems when forming their identity, than they might end up being in identity confusion. In this research, the main question that is going to be answered is; â€Å"How des Adoption Affect Identity Formation in a Negative way? The adoptive parents do not usually think of identity formation of the adopted child, they try to make their kids get assimilated into the new environment and encourage them to totally forget about their past which disables them to answer the question; â€Å"Who am I†. It is also a fact that the usage of drug and alcohol are seen very often on adopted adolescents. The focus in this literature review is going to be on the adopted adolescents and their process of identity formation. The main methods that will be implemented in this research will be conducting interviews, collecting surveys and making group observations. There will be many limitations while conducting my research. First of all, a detailed study cannot be done due to the shortage of time. There are also not much quantitative research groups and the participants are very limited. Solutions to these limitations could be getting started as soon as possible to not be worried about the limitation of time. Finding enough participants to complete my survey would also be helpful. Interviews are also a huge contribution and even though the sample groups are limited, there will be enough participants that are going to be taken into consideration. How to cite Adoption and Identity Formation, Essay examples

Practices and Motives of Oskar Schindler Essay Sample free essay sample

How did Oskar Schindler chiefly use the list of Judaic workers as a agency of doing money instead than salvaging the lives of his Judaic workers? Oskar Schinder who is credited for salvaging the lives of 1. 200 Jews in Europe was born on 28Thursdayof April 1908 in Czechoslovakia. His faith was Christianity and was a man of affairs in Poland during 1930s -1940s. He was an timeserving man of affairs. Schindler died in 1974. My chief focal point in this essay will be on his morality that is. if was he justified under any circumstance to take advantage of the Judaic state of affairs to work their labour for his selfish motivations. Schindler who is good known because of salvaging the Jews from being killed by the Nazi’s in Poland during the Second World War. His was born in 1908 at a topographic point called Zwittan. His household. a Catholic spoke German linguistic communication and was located in the Sudetenland. We will write a custom essay sample on Practices and Motives of Oskar Schindler Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Schindler became an applied scientist after fall ining the German grammar school. His household wanted him to analyze good in school so that he would take over his father’s farm machinery works. In school he met people from different races some of them Jews but fortuitously or unluckily he neer formed a permanent friendly relationship with any of them. Shortly after German conjured Sudeten in 1938. Schindler joined the Nazi party where he before this. Schindler was a member of Konrad Heinlein’s party for the Sudeten Germans this was because it was a party of the German speech production people who lived in Sudetenland. He was married to Emily though their matrimony was short lived as Schindler was an alcoholic and an heathen. He even became a womaniser who fathered two illicit kids. He divorced with his married woman Franziska Luser when he was 27 old ages old. After he finished schooling. he stated working as a salesman though he neer stayed in one occupation for long. He kept on seeking one after the other. He was besides making the same in the concern where he experimented on many concerns but unluckily he became belly-up because of the great depression that had locked the state that started in 1927 and this depression continued up to the late thirtiess. In 1920s. ( Steinhouse H. 1994 ) Oskar Schindler helped his male parent where acted as his salesman in his concern. Subsequently after he left his male parents work. he went to work in the Moravian electric company as a salesman. It is this occupation that made him travel to Poland on a concern mission. After some clip Schindler came to develop an involvement in the metropolis and eventually he went to remain at that place. The metropolis of Krakow in the past times was a place to the Polish male monarchs. During this clip. the European political relations were altering really fast and peculiarly the German political relations. This was go oning during the clip after Hitler assumed the chancellor’s station in 1933. Since Hitler joined the German political relations. he had assorted visions and one of these was to take back the Sudetenland which was taken after German lost in the First World War. This district had been annexed by the Czechoslovakian democracy shortly before the terminal of the First World War in 1918. The Czechoslovakian democracy became the donee of this district after the German Empire and that of Austro Hungary were destroyed. This is the clip Hitler started prophesying the political relations of ethnicity. He incited the Germans in Sudetenland by stating them that they did non belong to Czechoslovakia but to Germany. ( Czech- German Declaration. 2006 ) His political relations and incitations materialized in 1935 when the Germans in that district started disso ciating themselves from Communists or what was termed as societal Democrats formed by the Sudeten pro-Nazi party. It should non be forgotten that at this clip. Schindler was in Sudetenland and he was a German. For this ground he was non left behind when others joined this party. The state of affairs turned rancid in 1938 when Hitler started doing claims on this district. He wanted it to be returned back to Germany. He threatened to take by force something that worried France and Britain. The two were non prepared for another war and for this ground they allowed him to take back the Sudetenland. During this period. Oskar Schindler often visited Krakow for his concern missions and by so he already knew a figure of people in the metropolis therefore he was approached by the intelligence unit of Germany military to assist them in acquiring information about the activities of the Polish military. Because of this new function he was given. he temporarily left the military service and he helped them by giving any relevant information that he could garner. Schindler who was an timeserving went to Krakow a hebdomad after Germany declared war in 1939 September foremost. He wanted to capitalise on this volatile state of affairs in doing net income. By fortune. the metropolis became the headquarter of the Nazi authorities. Schindler rapidly befriended the authorities functionaries who he knew would assist him in protecting his concerns. He borrowed capital from the affluent people. With this money he bought a kitchenware mill which he subsequently called it the Deutche Emailwaren Fabrik which started working in 1940 January. ( Fogelman E. 1994:51-78 ) He maintained his nexus with his employer who proved to be really utile in those seeking minutes. He continued to corrupt the right persons in the ground forces to protect and assist him in procuring contracts on the points that his mill produced like pots. ammos and pans. With the advice of Itzhak Stern who was a Judaic comptroller who served as a nexus between Schindler and the Jewish community at big. to work the inexpensive labour of the Jews. he staffed his company with the local Jews. It was easier to acquire inexpensive and dependable from these people as most of them were hapless and lived in ghettos. In the same twelvemonth that is in 1940. the antisemitism begun. Schindler was asked non to pay the Jews wages straight to them but through the SS or the Elite armed unit of the Nazi. Besides. another directive was passed that required all the Jews to resign this metropolis except those who were employed. This metropolis had about 56. 000 Jews. They started contending for occupation chances that were there though they could non suit the whole population. Schindler took advantage of this state of affairs by using non less than hundred and 50 Hebrews in his company. The Jews in this metropolis were ordered to place themselves decently by have oning a white arm set which was supposed to be four inches broad and with David’s star. By 1942. his company had expanded really much and produced kitchenware and ammos for the company enmasse. It occupied about 45. 000 sqm2 and was a place to approximately eight 100 people of whom 370 were Hebrews from the Krakow ghetto. Were it non for his corrupt trades with the Gestapo circles. he would non hold been every bit comfortable as he was. It was because of this that he managed to migrate from Zwittau to a good flat flat at Krakow. Schindler was there when the Jews severely needed person who would salvage them from being killed by the Gestapo. ( Brecher. E. J. 1994 ; 48-102 ) For the interest of his concern continuity he liaised with the S. S functionaries. At uneven hours at dark he would be seen with these officers and trailing beautiful adult females. He was a really cute Gambler who maintained a affable relationship with the Jews who worked for him. It is this good character of his that made him to be different from others who mistreated the Jews. Schindler neer at any clip opposed the Nazi’s move although he felt bad because of mindless violent death of Jews and that is why he offered 100s of them occupations in his company merely to salvage their lives. Though he was greedy for money. he put his egocentric motivations after salvaging the Jews. In a command to salvage the lives of the Jews he was ready to utilize his money though non acquiring net income and more so to put on the line his ain life. His concerns run usually despite the force that was being perpetrated by the Gestapo and the Nazis. It was saved by the position it acquired from the Poland’s military armaments inspectorate because it was deemed critical to their operations as it provided them with ammos. Whenever the SS officers threatened to behave the Jews to Auschwitz he resisted reasoning that such an act would impact the running of his company and the war stuffs would non be produced. He used false records to salvage kids. homemakers and attorneies by mentioning them as mechanics and smiths. He did this to protect the helpless people. kids and the unqualified people in general. He greatly risked his life and his concern by holding to protect these Jews. He was independently questioned by the Gestapo’s and sometimes even arrested but he would neer allow them endure in the custodies of the Germans. At one clip in 1943 he agreed to take a really hazardous journey to run into the American commission for the Joint Jewish Distribution. He traveled all the manner to Budapest and met Hungarian Jewry representatives. ( Byers A. 2005 ; 160 ) By this clip the ghetto’s population which was about 17. 000 had been reduced to 4000 or less due to the exiles that were ongoing. The warnings and qui vives that he made to the representatives of the Jewish community in Budapest fell on deaf ears. They could non believe his narrative. They said that Germans were human existences like others and that they could non make such a thing. In 1943 March. ( Sydnor C. W. 1995 ; 175 ) the whole ghetto was being destroyed wholly and those who remained were forcefully taken to the Plaszow labour cantonments someplace outside the Cracow metropolis. The officers who were supervising this settlement were his imbibing mate like Amon Goeth. Though really brutal. he convinced him to put a sub-camp for his workers in his mill. Schindler believed that if he was allowed to set them at that place. so would be able to maintain them alive with the nutrient that he bought in the black markets with his ain money. With Goeth by his side the company was saved together with all the workers inside. The SS guards were told non interfere with factory’s concern. During the emptying. those Hebrews who were strong plenty to work were taken to Plaszow labour cantonment. While the weak 1s were executed or sent to the decease cantonments. Schindler’s thought of get downing his ain cantonment dullard fruits after successfully assuring Goeth some payment if he cooperated with him. This mill was called Emalia. Inside here. the Jews were now saved. Though could non acquire plenty nutrient they led normal life unlike those in Plaszow. In maintaining the SS guards off from his mill he bribed them on a regular basis. In 1944 the position of Plaszow labour cantonments changed with the promotion of Russians. It ceased to be a labour cantonment and became a concentration cantonment. Its residents now were ferried to the decease cantonments like Auschwitz cantonment which had about 20. 000 work forces. kids and adult females. After Schindler was given a notice to evacuate. he reasoned with the supreme bid and was allowed to go on running the company he had started at Brunnlitz with his married woman in Sudetenland. All the workers in his Zablocie mill cantonment now had to be removed from that topographic point and taken to Brunnlitz. These workers plus some others who were from Plaszow cantonment were to be transferred. In entire. they were approximately eight 100s work forces among them were 700 Jews were taken to Gross Rosen while the 300 adult females were taken to Auschwitz. This was contrary to Schindler’s want and when he learned this he moved with velocity to procure his people. He managed to hold those at gross Rosen cantonment released. He besides sent personal secretary to Auschwitz to speak with the military commanding officers so that they could let go of the adult females. He succeeded in holding them released but on status that he would pay 7DM pro capita on day-to-day footing to the Gestapo officers. In the extinction camp no such a large group was of all time allowed to come out alive and this group was the first 1. Few people escaped these gas Chamberss. Schindler operated black market concerns merely to maintain the Jews alive. He was about arrested two times after it was alleged that he was involved in the black traffics and other signifiers of corruptness. He was suspected after the SS guards and the commanding officer like Geoth were found with money A ; jewellary purportedly belonging to the Jews. Schindler was even arrested on intuitions that he had a relationship with Goeth who was in gaol for being involved in activities connected with the black market. Schindler eventually managed to convert these Germans on his artlessness but it was because he was helped by his co-workers who occupied large place on the authorities. Immediately he was set free. he started seeking to see how the captured adult females would be released ; he made them see how indispensable these workers were to his mill. They let them travel after giving them diamonds as payoffs. After this event. he about refused to bring forth the stuffs that the authorities needed infact no utile shell was produced by his mill on stalking-horse that his mill was restoring itself but he was making this with a motivation of penalizing them. He made certain that all the shells did non run into the needed criterion. Schindler who was really sensitive to the rights of the Judaic people tried everything he could to guarantee they got what they needed and that they were save from apparent peculiarly on two occasions. The first 1 was about 100 and 20 Jews who had been working in a prey that was operated by the German’s Earth and Stoneworks Company at Goleszow a subdivision of Auschwitz cantonment. ( Roberts J. L. 1996 ; 36-58 ) With the coming of Russians in 1945. these work forces had to be transferred westward in cowss goaded waggons. This journey took them seven yearss without anything to eat or to imbibe. Some succumbed to decease before they reached Brunnlitz where Schindler’s mill was located. When Schindler saw them. he was really touched. He tried difficult to convert these functionaries how severely he needed those people but when the ladings were opened about a twelve organic structures was frozen. The SS commanding officers wanted to hold these organic structures incarcerated as it was the Nazi’s tradition usage but Schindler had to earnestly reason with the SS functionaries to hold them buried decently harmonizing to the Judaic entombment rites. He wanted to burry these organic structures in Catholic graveyard that was located in his ain secret plan. Finally a hundred were awfully ill and bony because deficiency of adequate nutrient. Others suffered from cryopathy and had to be put on medicine and good fed for sometime. He ensured that none of them was put to work in that status. Schindler sometimes was forced to make the unthinkable. Sometimes it’s difficult to state when he stopped working the Jewish community for his personal additions to go a defender of all those that were in danger of being either to a great extent punished or killed. There was a clip when in every bit much as he could hold wanted. he had no other option apart from making what he was told. Particularly when he was told to name all those Jews he would wish them saved. He found himself on the horns of the quandary unable to make up ones mind what to make but finally he selected some persons who were to be separated. He prepared a list of about 1100 people including his workers and others from Plaszow cantonment. The remainder were either sent to decease chamber or to the Auschwitz. ( Jeremy R. 2002 ; 42-97 ) Shortly before the terminal of the 2neodymiumuniverse war. Schindler in secret went back to German before the Russians who were rapidly progressing into Moravia caught up with them. He hid himself and went in to one of those districts that were under the authorization of the Allied forces. By this clip. things were non traveling as he wanted them to be because his mill was about fall ining. The beginning of the terminal of his company showed itself when he was made to travel from Krakow to Brunntz. He intentionally refused to bring forth quality merchandises so as to penalize the authorities. This continued for the following seven months and yet he was doing no net income. Another thing was the fact that whenever he had to portion with some hard currency as a payoff. This easy led him to bankruptcy. After the 2neodymiumuniverse war. he tried all that he could to resuscitate his concern but with no help. He even tried to travel to Munich to see whether he would thrive once more but nil was forthcoming. At this clip. he was wholly bust and had to trust on Judaic organisations for his care. Immediately. after Germany was defeated by the allied forces on 8Thursdaymay 1945. Schindler broke the intelligence to his workers. He gave them a little talk inquiring them non to seek retaliation for what the Nazi’s had done to the Jewish community at big. He asked them to detect a minute of silence in fear of those who lost their lives in that holocaust. He showed his grasp of all those who helped him in salvaging the Jews by thanking them even though they were non present. Before he left his Jews who regarded themselves as Schindler’s kids he was given a missive by them so that in instance he was arrested in hereafter for his workss. he would utilize it in certifying his good win and his heroic workss that he did during those seeking minutes. In thanking him they besides gave him a gold ring that was made by one of those who were imprisoned on it were inscribed that any individual who protects the life of human being it is as if he was the whole universe had been saved. Afterwards he headed to the E to salvage himself and his married woman from the progressing Russians. The Judaic that were left in the mill entirely were subsequently released by a certain Russian officer who was a lone Texas Ranger. After having some money from the Judaic distribution commission in 1949 due to work he did in salvaging Jews and in returning him for the batch he had spent in protecting the lives of the Jews. he proceeded to Argentina and settled at that place after he bought a piece of land. In the following one decennary. ( Paldiel M. 1993 ; 166-168 ) he wholly relied on the money that he received from Jewish’s organization’s. Subsequently in 1958 he left his beloved married woman in Argentina and himself returned to populate in West German. In Germany the Jews gave him money and used some of it in puting up a concern of cement at Frankfurt. This besides did non thrive and in 1961 it collapsed. From so onwards he lived on the little pension that he was given by the German authorities and the money that he was given by the well wishers. Schindler’s postwar period was of imbibing intoxicant. trailing adult females and seeking assorted concerns that neer succeeded. At place he was despised and criticized by many people because of protecting the Jews. His motivation of protecting them is something that remains a enigma to many. Even his closest friends can non state why he did that. He was an extraordinary individual who was able to lift above the racial differences to assist people who were non Germans like him and more so he did that work passionately. It was the tallness of humanity. No affair how this Catholic womaniser and an alky did behind scenes his finding to protect the Jews covered all these immoralities. After his concern collapsed. Schindler received an invitation to travel to Israel. This was first clip to set down on the dirt of Israel. He was pleased to see how he was received as opposed to how he was treated in his fatherland. Traveling to Israel became the beginning of his felicity as from that firs t clip. he would travel to Israel during the spring clip to hold a nice clip with Judaic society whom he saw and regarded as his ain progeny. ( Crowe DM. 2004 ; 529 ) Many of the subsisters pay their testimonial to Schindler for illustration a subsister by the name Murry who started a building house after the universe war II dedicated a figure of New Jersey’s street to their savior Schindler. Harmonizing to him. he saved the Jews because he was appalled by the insanity. ferociousness and sadism portrayed by the Nazi’s. He said that his scruples would non let him to stand aside and presume that nil was go oning and therefore he had to make what of all time he could to salvage these people. One twenty-four hours Bronia Gunz recalls how Schindler told them to delve Gravess so as to juggle the SS officers but promised to make anything in has power to salvage them. He went off for few yearss merely to return with a paper proclaiming they were saved and that there was no demand of delving Gravess. In the early portion of his life Schindler greatly exploited the labour of the Jews. He was motivated by Stern who was a Judaic man of affairs and an comptroller that it was cheaper to purchase Jews than to purchase poles. Before the oncoming of the First World War. Schindler was greatly driven by his passions. He was peculiarly driven by desires to acquire rich rapidly. This is the ground why he started befriending the Jews who at that clip lived in ghettos and were in despairing demand for money. He set up his mill at that metropolis to bask the handiness of inexpensive labour. At this point. Schindler was by no agencies justified to work the Hebrews by paying them peanuts. There was no external force per unit area whatsoever that forced him to make so. Subsequently. as the Second World War broke out. the Jews in Polish Corridor started being executed by Germans who wanted this part to be occupied merely by them. It is these beastly actions which were executed with a batch of pitilessness that made Schindler to take the class of action he took. He took it upon himself to offer these Hebrews work because all those who were non making any utile work were either taken to Plaszow where they were forced to work while the weak 1s were executed in gas Chamberss. At this clip Schindler’s actions of obtaining inexpensive labour could be justified because if he did non offer them occupations so it means they would hold been killed. Therefore. it is because of their position as employed workers that they escaped the gas Chamberss. ( Simpson P. . 2007 ) Another thing is that. there is no manner that he could hold paid more than he did and yet their dues were given to the Reich but non to them. Besides if he gave them what they deserved so. it would hold been upon themselves to look for nutrient and yet the outside environment was really volatile. No Jews would hold walked freely in those towns. It should be remembered that the money the money that they could hold been given was the same that was used to corrupt the Nazi’s and to construct the mill cantonment. I can reason this essay by stating that no affair how bad Schindler’s actions were ; like philandering. imbibing and even disassociating his married woman for other adult females. his ulterior portion of life erodes all the immoralities that he did in his past life. He did an action that no other German would hold done. He was able to lift above the political relations of racism merely to salvage lives. The ground why he did that remains a enigma to many and it is yet to be resolved. That is why he is celebrated as a hero in Israel merely like others who have become heroes due to their extraordinary workss. Mention: Brecher. E. J. Legacy:True Narratives of the List Survivors. New York. Dutton. 1994: 48- 102 Byers A. Oskar Schindler:Salvaging Hebrews from the Holocaust.Enslow. 2005 ; 160 Crowe DM. Oskar Schindler:The Untold Account of His Life War Activities and TheTrue Story Behind The List.West View Press. 2004 ; 529 Czech- German Declaration. 2006. Retrieved on January 30. 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //eudocs. lib. byu. edu/index. php/Czech-German_Declaration Fogelman E.Conscience and Courage: Saviors of Jews during the Holocaust. New York: Doubleday. 1994: 51-78 Jeremy R. :Oskar Schindler: Righteous Gentile. New York Rosen Publishing Group. 2000 ; 42-97 Paldiel M.Oskar Schindler: In the Path of the Righteous Gentile Rescuers of Jews duringthe Holocaust.Hoboken N. J: Ktav Publishing House 1993 ; 166-168 Roberts J. L.Oskar Schindler San Diego: Lucent books 1996: 36-58 Sydnor C. W.Schindler Oskar: In World Book Encyclopedia Chicago: Universe Book 1995 ; 175 Steinhouse H.The Real Oskar Schindler. Saturday Night Magazine. April. 1994. Retrieved On January 30. 2008 hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101067 Simpson P. Schindler’s List: St James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. 2007. Retrieved on 30ThursdayJanuary 2008 Hypertext transfer protocol: //Findarticles. Com/P/Articles/Mi-G1epclis-Tovlai-2419101067

Graded performance 1 Essays (998 words) - Musical Instruments, Music

Edward Griggs Applied Music 9A 4 May 2019 Self-Evaluation: Graded Performance #1 This semester I have been tasked with bringing Alexandre Guilmant's, "Morceau Symphonique" to life. This has not been an easy task. With contrasting tempos shifting from sixty-three beats per minute, to shifting to one hundred and five beats per minute, this piece is very challenging. This piece is in the key of Gb Major which has been a great learning experience for me as a euphonium player. The interval leaps are also very tricky, often requiring octave leaps leading me into three octave range, both while requiring a very aggressive forte to fortissimo dynamic level. Last Friday, I had my first music 9a performance, my first as an applied music student at. A performance which after much reflection I am not content with. My peers provided me with detailed feedback on my performance, through the performance evaluation forms. Upon further reading of their comments and feedback I have narrowed down the pros and cons of my performance. I'll begin with the cons first. A majority of my peers seem to all agree on the same thoughts, these involved intonation, dynamic, breathing, and preparedness issues. Other issues involved failure to introduce the piece to my audience, and proper etiquette for the final bow. Intonation for the most part was solid and resonant. Chipping and fracking of notes occurred in the opening phrases of the piece, and in the faster second half of the piece where I am required to go above two octaves, along with, a three octave Db which I didn't hit properly. The second issue with my performance going off feedback received, was that of dynamic contrast. The audience felt as if there was room for bigger, more drastic, dynamic contrast. My forte dynamics could have been larger, along with not coming off as strong or rounded, per note, as it should have been. I also received comments about ghosting notes and not finishing off the more legato phrases with enough confidence. This leads us to the final problems many noticed throughout my performance, confidence and breath control. The audience noticed that there was a lack of confidence and stage presence on my part. They also commented on my phrases coming off as weak during certain forte sections in my piece. This being attributed to a lack of air in certain staccato, and legato phrases where the musical passage takes me up to higher octave notes which were not clear. That is not to say that my performance as a whole was all negative. I also received positive feedback which involved: great use of articulations of notes, nice professional attire, solid lyrical and technical contrast great resonant tone full of clarity in the mid, low, and upper range. On the other hand, people seemed to love how lyrical I made phrases and how I effectively utilized vibrato and sustains to really emote my feelings and expressions throughout the piece. It was nice to see my peers entertained and impressed by my playing, although they for the most part feel like I can do more and take it to another level. I enjoyed the constructive criticism and praise I received last Friday. This leaves me eager to work on improving this peace. Hence, as for improvement and preparation for the next graded performance, including juries, I've decided to change up my playing routine to better strengthen my weaknesses. This has involved going back to square one and take a more holistic approach with how effectively and efficiently my breathing is. Thankfully, with the help of my incredible private lesson instructor, Beth Mitchell, I've been playing through excerpts focusing on obtaining a bigger, more fuller sound in everything I play. She believes my sound is at fifty percent of what it can and needs to be. Fixing how I breathe will immediately fix intonation problems, especially through the slower melodic phrases that are required to be slurred only, not tongued. This will also allow me to better control and exaggerate the dynamics in the piece. I fully agree with my peers that I need to do more with this piece in terms of shaping and expressing the dynamics of this piece. Furthermore, as

Molly Pitcher (Mary Hays McCauly) Revolutionary Heroine

Molly Pitcher (Mary Hays McCauly) Revolutionary Heroine Molly Pitcher was a fictitious name given to a heroine, revered for taking her husbands place loading a cannon in the Battle of Monmouth, June 28, 1778, during the American Revolution. The identification of Molly Pitcher, earlier known in popular images as Captain Molly, with Mary McCauly, didnt come until the centennial of the American Revolution.  Molly was, at the time of the Revolution, a common nickname for women named Mary. Much of Mary McCaulys story is told from oral histories or court and other legal documents correlating with some parts of the oral tradition. Scholars disagree on many of the details, including what her first husbands name was (the famous husband who collapsed and whom she replaced at the cannon) or even whether she is the Molly Pitcher of history. The Molly Pitcher of legend may be completely folklore or may be a composite. Molly Pitchers Early Life Mary Ludwigs birthdate is given on her cemetery marker as October 13, 1744.  Other sources suggest her birth year was as late as 1754. She grew up on her familys farm. Her father was a butcher. She is unlikely to have had any education and was likely illiterate.  Marys father died in January of 1769, and she went to Carlisle, Pennsylvania to be a  servant to the family of Anna and Dr. William Irvine.   Molly Pitchers Husband A Mary Ludwig married a John Hays on July 24, 1769. This may have been a first husband for the future Molly Pitcher, or it may have been a marriage of her mother, also named Mary Ludwig as a widow. In 1777, the younger Mary married William Hays, a barber, and an artilleryman. Dr. Irvine, for whom Mary was working, had organized a boycott of British goods in response to the British Tea Act in 1774. William Hayes was listed as one helping with the boycott. On December 1, 1775, William Hays enlisted in the First Pennsylvania Regiment of Artillery, in a unit commanded by Dr. Irvine (also called General Irwin in some sources). A year later, January 1777, he joined the 7th Pennsylvania Regiment and was part of the winter camp at Valley Forge. Molly Pitcher at War After her husbands enlistment, Mary Hays first stayed in Carlisle, then joined her parents where she was closer to her husbands regiment. Mary became a camp follower, one of the many women attached to a military camp to take care of support tasks such as laundry, cooking, sewing, and other tasks. Martha Washington was another of the women at Valley Forge. In 1778, William Hays trained as an artilleryman under Baron von Steuben. The camp followers were taught to serve as water girls. William Hays was with the 7th Pennsylvania Regiment when, as part of George Washingtons army, the Battle of Monmouth was fought with British troops on June 28, 1778. William (John) Hays job was to load the cannon, wielding a ramrod. According to the stories told later, Mary Hays was among the women bringing pitchers of water to the soldiers, to cool the soldiers as well as to cool the cannon and soak the rammer rag. On that hot day, carrying water, the story told is that Mary saw her husband collapse - whether from the heat or from being wounded is not clear, though he certainly was not killed - and stepped in to clean the ramrod and load the cannon herself, continuing until the end of the battle that day. In one variation of the story, she helped her husband fire the cannon. According to the oral tradition, Mary was nearly hit by a musket or cannonball that sped between her legs and ripped her dress. She is said to have responded, Well, that could have been worse. Supposedly George Washington had seen her action on the field, and after the British retreated unexpectedly rather than continuing the fight the next day, Washington made Mary Hays a non-commissioned officer in the army for her deed. Mary apparently began calling herself Sergeant Molly from that day forward. After the War Mary and her husband returned to Carlisle, Pennsylvania. They had a son, John L. Hayes, in 1780. Mary Hays continued to work as a domestic servant. In 1786, Mary Hays was widowed; later that year, she married John McCauley or John McCauly (various spellings of names was common in a society where many were not literate). This marriage was not successful; John, a stonecutter and a friend of William Hays, was apparently mean and did not adequately support his wife and stepson. Either she left him or he died, or he otherwise disappeared, about 1805. Mary Hays McCauly continued to work around town as a domestic servant, with a reputation for being hard-working, eccentric and coarse. She petitioned for a pension based on her Revolutionary War service, and on February 18, 1822, the Pennsylvania legislature authorized a payment of $40 and subsequent annual payments, also of $40 each, in An act for the relief of Molly MKolly. The first draft of the bill had the phrase widow of a soldier and this was revised to for services rendered. Specifics of those services are not noted in the bill. Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly - who called herself Sergeant Molly - died in 1832. Her grave was unmarked. Her obituaries do not mention military honors or her specific war contributions. The Evolution of Captain Molly and Molly Pitcher Popular images of Captain Molly at a cannon circulated in the popular press, but these were not tied to any specific individual for many years. The name evolved into Molly Pitcher. In 1856, when Marys son John L. Hays died, his obituary included the note that he was a son of the ever-to-be-remembered heroine, the celebrated Molly Pitcher whose deeds of daring are recorded in the annals of the Revolution and over whose remains a monument ought to be erected. Connecting Mary Hays McCauly With Molly Pitcher In 1876, the American Revolution centennial sparked interest in her story and local critics in Carlisle had a statue of Mary McCauley created, with Mary described as the Heroine of Monmouth. In 1916 Carlisle established a three-dimensional representation of Molly Pitcher loading a cannon. In 1928, on the 150th anniversary of the Battle of Monmouth, pressure on the Postal Service to create a stamp showing Molly Pitcher was only partially successful. Instead, a stamp was issued that was a regular red two cent stamp depicting George Washington, but with a black overprint of the text Molly Pitcher in capital letters. In 1943, a Liberty ship was named SS Molly Pitcher and launched. It was torpedoed that same year. A 1944 wartime poster by C. W. Miller depicted Molly Pitcher with a ramrod at the battle of Monmouth, with the text Americas women have always fought for freedom. Sources John Todd White. The Truth About Molly Pitcher. in The American Revolution: Whose Revolution? edited by James Kirby Martin and Karen R. Stubaus. 1977.John B. Landis. A Short History of Molly Pitcher, the Heroine of Monmouth. 1905. Published by the Patriotic Sons of America.John B. Landis. Investigation into American Tradition of Woman Known as Molly Pitcher. Journal of American History 5 (1911): 83-94.D. W. Thompson and Merri Lou Schaumann. Goodbye Molly Pitcher. Cumberland County History 6 (1989).Carol Klaver. An Introduction into the Legend of Molly Pitcher. Minerva: Quarterly Report on Women and the Military 12 (1994) 52.

Stock Market and Economy of Nigeria Research Paper

Stock Market and Economy of Nigeria - Research Paper Example Several effects of financial and stock market development on gross National product, Gross domestic development and Employment rate shall be used to establish the relationship. Excluding South Africa, Nigeria has the largest economy in sub-Sahara Africa. In the last two decades ,there has been no progress made in alleviating poverty, expanding and enhancing economic development despite the massive effort made and the many programmes established for that purpose's growth pattern of the Nigerian economy has been quite sluggish over the last two decades. The level of poverty is further exuberated by the pandemic of inequality. The economic performance has had a mixture as the macro-economy environment has witnessed positive and negative influences. Even though several programmes have been aimed at consolidating the arrangement for private sector -led economic growth and government demonstrated a commitment to implementing the privatization programme and improving major infrastructure, the realization of this goal could be met because of the disparity in monetary and fiscal policies. There has been marked improvement in power supply and the privatization of the telecommunications sector among, stimulated economic activities. But the economy has been unable to take fuel advantage of the development, as interest rate and inflation have continued to raise in response to high government spending and subsequent liquidity control measures. High interest rates during a period of time have attracted funs away from the stock market and constrained corporate access to working capital. Nevertheless the exchange rate has been relatively stable facilitating, planning and budget control for companies with high import content. For some time now, the Nigeria stock Exchange has recorded a major turnover growth, in 2001,the market turnover increasing by 104.9% from N28.1billion in 2000 to N57.6billion.In value terms, this is by for highest annual turnover growth of the exchange since also have increased both in primary and secondary market has been realized. In the stock capitalization in the total market value of 261 securities listed on the Nigeria stock Exchange appreciated by 40% to the end of 2001 at N662.6 billon. A combination of supplementary issue and price appreciation in the equities sector accounted for much of the growth in market capitalization. By the end of 2001 the Nigeria Stock Exchange share index grew by 35.2% to close the year at 10,963.11.Remarkably,the index had on 10th may 2001 crossed the 10000 points mark, And on 17th October 2001 reached all time high of 11,339.67 before dropping to its year end position. In lieu of the ever increasing favorable condition bestowed on the Nigeria economy, since the inception of democracy in May 1999, foreign investors continued to invest in Nigeria through the Nigerian stock exchange. The returns of the foreign portfolio transaction are soaring higher. The Nigerian stock exchange has remained focused on improving market infrastructure, expanding market investor base, and consolidating the global

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Final Exam - Essay Example Homosexuals and lesbians are allowed to adopt children, while this was never acceptable before the 19th century. Americans came to realize that dissent is good for the nation. Through opposition, the country can identify the areas that need change, and the right direction through which the change should be guided. Eventually, American culture evolved into various subcultures based on people’s opinions and practices. American culture became heterogeneous. This paper will describe how the modern changes of the late 19th and 20th centuries contributed to a fragmented and heterogeneous culture. In the early 19th century backwards to the early centuries, the society was divided into two sections; between the rich and the poor. There were physical divisions as well as divisions based on values and ideas. The rich thought that they were untouchable, and it was the responsibility of the poor man to take a lower position in the society, for him to be rich and stay on top. The rich thought that the poor had no right to fight for freedom or try to get rich. The society according to them was perfect as it was. They had accumulated enough wealth to keep them on top for periods of time. Any grievances by the poor people were considered a nuisance, ridiculous, and an obstacle to achieving the aims of the rich. A rich person, for example, in the 1880s or even before, could have had aims of building a new home or constructing new working sites. Workers’ strikes at the time would be a nuisance because they disrupted the progress of such projects. To them, whatever the poor were fighting for was impossible. The perception of strikes at the time is that strikes were a nuisance; they were a waste of the employers’ time and money. They were a threat to the society. The perception of strikes in the current society, however, is different. It is viewed as people fighting for their rights and it is also considered legally right. The class structure in the early centuries

Theme Relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theme Relationships - Essay Example As well, the textual concepts of the way in which meaning and historical belief are reconciled provides context for the story. The development of â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths† creates an understanding of the connection and relationship of history to literature as it explores textual complexities that are defined though specified time and place. The protagonist of the story â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths† is a man who is trying to prove a point through misguided actions. Dr. Tsun is a man who is a participant and a spectator of World War II. He has been recruited by Germany to spy on Britain for them in order to find an artillery station. He doesn’t do it because he believes in the cause or because he is being paid well to do it, but he betrays Britain because he wants to prove to his German overseers that an Asian man has the intelligence to obtain the information. Tsun says â€Å"I did it because I sensed that the Chief somehow feared people of my race - for the innumerable ancestors that merge within me. I wanted to prove to him that a yellow man could save his armies† (Borges, 2006, p. 56). ... The story â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths† was published in 1948 in English within Ellery Queen’s Mystery Magazine (Bloom, 2004). For most of Borges early life during the first quarter of the twentieth century, he would have been aware of a dependence that his country had on other countries for economic stability. Having lived in Switzerland and able to travel to countries in Europe, his perspective on the lack of industrial growth within his own country would have been informed and influential. Just previous to his birth, independence had been taken by the Latin countries, separating them from their Spanish rulers (Craig et al, 2009). Therefore, during his early life, Borges would have come to understand the conflicts and instability that follow when a country begins to exist independent of a nation that is more developed and has greater power. Having established political independence, the search for economic independence and political stability made Latin America a place that was highly volatile and often discriminated against for its still developing infrastructure during the early twentieth century. Therefore, in writing about a man who is conflicted over the attitudes of others to the point that he commits a damaging act against a nation to prove the intellect and capability of his people and of himself, may reflect a need that Borges may have had in proving that the people of his own nation were likewise intellectually capable. In making the protagonist an Asian man, he touches upon an imposed ’otherness’ that is commonly associated with Asian cultures and imposed upon third-world nations (Naficy & Gabriel 1993). In understanding the alienation of his own culture through lowered levels of industrialization and undeveloped political

Fundamental Assumptions Of The Human Nature Politics Essay

Fundamental Assumptions Of The Human Nature Politics Essay The fundamental assumptions about human nature have played a major role in determining the philosophy of life for many people. In fact, the manner in which various societies are organized politically, socially as well as economically has a great dependence on basic assumptions on human nature. There are diverse theories on how societies are organized based on assumptions towards human nature. Actually, all these theories are composed of assumptions on the preferences of human beings. There are various complex problems facing the modern world and whose solutions solely reside in the assumptions that are made by policy makers concerning human nature. The assumptions on human nature have elicited diverse reactions and views from different people (Rifkin 2009). As such, people have had varied preferences on the best and acceptable form of governance for their societies. The world leaders apply different forms of governance depending on the assumptions they hold towards human nature. Governance based on human nature assumptions is an ancient principle spanning over 200 years ago. As a matter of fact, assumptions on human behavior can be traced to the enlightenment period (Turner 2006). This is the time when the concept of modern market was born and also the emergence of a state era nation. During the period of enlightenment, various thinkers such as the John Locke, Marquis de Condorcet, Adam Smith and other philosophers had their indignation on the views expressed by the Christian faith of the medieval period that human nature was depraved and fallen. Similarly, the same faith viewed humans as seeking the grace of God for salvation in the world to come. Consequently, these philosophers sought to believe that human nature contained autonomy, rationality, as well as utilitarianism. Moreover, they proposed that human nature obtained salvation in the material acquisition obtained during their lifetime. The enlightenment thought pattern has had immense impacts on peoples perception of human nature and their preferred nation-state. The main focus of the nation state is the protection of property as well as the maintenance of citizen interests in all endeavors. Based on assumptions on the autonomy of human beings, nation states have been created. Thus the need for material acquisition and attainment of salvation to human nature has brought about the perpetuation of economic activities (Rifkin 2009). For instance, most of the modern nations embrace the view of human autonomy and search for individual growth. On the other hand, assumptions that human nature is dependent on the supernatural beings may bring about a form of governance that vests powers and privileges on a chosen intermediary. Such governments include the all-powerful monarchies which represent the divine will in governance. Positive assumptions on human nature can promote effective governance. The modern society regards individual success and advancement with high esteem. Such assumptions make it justifiable for self governance (Turner 2006). The government is therefore justified to maintain the rules and regulations aimed at maintaining the agreed order. In spite of the shortcomings found in any form of governance, remarkable improvements can be done by embracing proper and correct assumptions on human nature. Additionally, immense success in governance can be attained through the embrace of new generation style of leadership. For instance, with the increased internal interrelationships, it is imperative for the government to take into account the biosphere politics which is a collaborative functioning of nations, regions as well as localities all embedded by similar governance and demands. Essay no.3 The federal government has the overall power and authority over all agencies. In fact, the federal government mandates the state offices to perform specific tasks in accordance to the requirements of their formation and governance. On their own, the federal agencies may not perform effectively. They derive all authority and power from the constitutional Acts that led to their formation and governance. Most importantly, there are essential requirements for the operation of the state agencies within such Acts (Ducat 2008). Therefore, the extent to which the federal agencies act and make rules and regulations is dependent upon the legality of the mandate by the federal government. The Supreme Court is mandated by the constitution to oversee all the legal activities of the federal government alongside the different federal agencies. As such, the regulations and rules applied by the agencies need to obtain approval of the Supreme Court. Moreover, there cannot be rules and regulations on h ow Federal agencies are to be rum without a nod from the Supreme Court (Ducat 2008). The entire process is supposed to be carried out through consultation with the federal constitutional requirements. The federal agencies are regarded as being independent regulatory offices. The functioning of the various Federal agencies and offices is facilitated by the congressional financial appropriation towards such agencies. Consequently, the relevance of the rules and regulations made by these agencies has to be determined by the congressional as well as constitutional requirements. The enforcement of the rules and regulations made by the Federal agencies in the Courts as laws has to dependent solely on the requirements of the Constitution (United States Office of Education 2010). For instance, an agency such as the Federal Communications Commission was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 and it enjoys its independence based on the Federal constitutional requirements. Moreover, the agency boasts of immense power and authority to make rules and regulations within its constitutional requirements. The powers and responsibilities of the commissioners mandated to govern these Agencies are clearly enumerated in the Acts. For example in the case of the FCC, there are various titles of the 1934 Act on its formation that enlist different requirements of the agency. In fact, the first Title gives the description of the administration, formation as well as powers of the FCC. The Act also clarifies the process of selection and hiring of the commissioners charged with the responsibility of manning the Commission (United States Office of Education 2010). The applicability and constitutionality of the rules and regulations made by Federal agencies and offices into laws in the courts depends on the Act on their formation. For example, the Acts tend to give a general functioning of the Agencies and their formation. However, there are specific issues that are left for the agencies to accomplish. Therefore, when the agencies narrow down the requirements of their formation, they are required to come up with rules and regulations on their functioning (Ducat 2008). Such rules and regulations need to be recognized by the courts. Nevertheless, the courts may fail to recognize such rules and regulations as laws under some conditions such as violation of certain federal laws or when the agencies act beyond their constitutional requirements. Section B: essay no. 1 The debate on human nature and governance has had diverse discussions and propositions from several philosophers. For instance, philosophers such as John Locke and Friedrich Nietzsche have had diverse ideas and focus towards human nature (Andrew 1999). The two philosophers have delved in various areas of interest depending on the circumstances during their time and the preferences of their studies. Nevertheless, there are pertinent issues that tend to classify their works based on human nature. Moreover, these philosophers were interested in understanding the working of the society with man as the main center of focus. From the perspective presented by John Locke, there are various factors that make human beings equal irrespective of the circumstances that entangle them. According to John Locke, there are various factors that bring about differences in views on religion and other issues in life. However, it is crucial that the differences are addressed in such a way as to promote better and harmonious relations among all men (Rifkin 2009). Furthermore, John Locke admits the existence of diversified views about religion and ways of life with each type claiming originality and superiority of beliefs. However, John Locke defends the importance of embracing tolerance towards the diversified views. Similarly, Locke proposed the importance of shunning the transmission of personal views and beliefs by elected representatives and embracing independence. Thus for him, human equity need to be the guiding principle for the maintenance of a civil society that enables human beings to thrive on individual basis. On the contrary, Friedrich Nietzsches perception of human beings on inequality is based on his immediate circumstances and beliefs. In fact, the views presented by Nietzsche about human beings leaves a lot to be desired. For instance, the claim that illusion tend to satisfy human intellect in most of the time shows how diabolical his views are. Similarly, Nietzsche dismisses the existence of rationality among men as the guide into truth (Andrew 1999). Surprisingly, he makes a proposition that deception forms the basis of human beliefs. The harsh presentation of human nature by Nietzsche does not reveal the true nature of man. For instance, the claims in Nietzsches perspective seem distorted and presenting a negative view on life in general and human beings in particular. On the other hand, Lockes views tend to place major importance on human capability and potential of self-determination. Lockes perspective presents a true account of man and his pursuit of better end.

Different Types of Mutual Funds and Their Investment Objectives :: Business Finance Investment

Different Types of Mutual Funds and Their Investment Objectives Mutual funds are an investment vehicle which pools the money of many investors. The fund's manager uses the money collected to purchase securities such as stocks and bonds. The types of mutual funds vary according to the fund's investment objective. A fund's investment objective will usually seek capital gains, income, or a combination of both. The basic types of funds are described below. The first types of mutual fund I will discuss are â€Å"Money Market Funds.† Money market funds seek safety of the principal by investing in high quality, short-term securities. This type of fund is designed so that the investor's principal should not decrease in value. However, there is no guarantee that this will always be the case. A money market fund seeks to provide a regular distribution of income which is determined by short-term interest rates. The second types of mutual funds are â€Å"Bond Funds.† Bond funds carry more risk than money market funds and are often used to produce income (retirement) or to help stabilize a portfolio (diversification). The primary types of bond funds are: municipal bond funds (issued by state and local governments), corporate bond funds (debt obligations of U.S. corporations), mortgage-backed securities funds (securities representing residential mortgages), and U.S. Government bond funds (U.S. treasury or government securities).

Reflection on Film: Psycho Essay

In the movie Psycho, we see a character that is the one at fault but is so sweet she is obviously the victim here. When the $40,000 is no longer what we see from Marion Crane, it is because she was murdered, she is now the victim. Robert Ebert, from the Chicago Sun Times states â€Å"Marion Crane does steal $40,000, but still she fits the Hitchcock mold of an innocent to crime.† She was originally at fault here, and then she is brutally murdered for no reason by Norman Bates, who now becomes the center of attention. We must now figure him out! â€Å"Marion has overheard the voice of Norman’s mother speaking sharply with him, and she gently suggests that Norman need not stay here in this dead end, a failing motel on a road that has been bypassed by the new interstate. She cares about Norman. She is also moved to rethink her own actions. And he is touched. So touched, he feels threatened by his feelings. And that is why he must kill her.† states Ebert. This point being made, never occurred to me while watching the movie, I saw just a crazy guy that thought she was pretty and his â€Å"mother† didn’t want him to be with her, so out of fear he killed her. Psycho was a great film that truly was the setup up for future horror films. It is the masterpieces of Hitchcock that really set the standard of movies we see today, he is the master of them and people use his example. Psycho being this horror movie that has a huge unexpected twist in the plot really makes you feel for the characters and engages you in to the film, you almost feel like you are with Marion in the bath tub while she is murdered, you can feel your heart pound from the screeching sound of the music. Everything that was put in this movie was put there for a reason and it all pulls you right in with it.

How Much Is College Tuition Average Costs

How Much Is College Tuition Average Costs SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Tuition is one of the biggest (if not the biggest) costs associated with attending college. Because of this, it’s important to know exactly how much of your money will be going towards this expense. In this article, I’ll explain exactly what’s included in this â€Å"tuition† line item on your college bill. Then, I’ll get into some of the nitty-gritty details, like: What isn’t included with tuition Average college tuition cost and the wide range of possible tuition prices Ways to pay less for college tuition Read on to learn more! What's the Average College Tuition Cost? So, tuition prices vary from school to school. Sometimes tuition prices will even vary within a certain school depending on your program or state residency. With that being said, here are average college tuition fee prices (2014-2015): $31,231 at private colleges $9,139 for state residents at public colleges $22,958 for non-state residents at public colleges As you can see, there’s a lot of variation in the prices of tuition based on the type of school you attend. These average amounts are helpful of course - they tell you what typical costs to expect - but we can also look at extreme prices at both ends of the spectrum. The Cheapest College Tuition Prices Some schools offer tuition prices that are significantly lower than the averages listed above. Schools that offer such low prices usually fall into one of two categories: They’re public schools that receive large subsidies from local governments so that they can charge students less They’re private schools that have made it their mission to offer low-cost educations The lowest tuition price I could find was $660 per semester at Dine College, in Arizona. There are many other schools that are very inexpensive, however. The average cost of attendance on this list of low-cost schools came to only $6,077 per year. The Most Expensive College Tuition Prices Some schools offer tuition prices that are, frankly, intimidatingly expensive. Schools that come with such a hefty sticker price generally fit one or more of the following criteria: They’re private schools, which means that tuition is not subsidized by any local or state governments. They’re elite, competitive schools with high operating costs. They'resmall liberal arts colleges. The highest tuition price I could find was $52,320 per year at Vassar College, in New York. There are a lot of other schools that are close to this price range, though. This list of the most expensive colleges in the US might give you a better idea of how common it is to charge such high prices. One caveat about these high prices, however: the same schools that charge so much for tuition often offer some really generous financial aid. Just because a college or university has a very high sticker price (also known as Cost of Attendance) doesn’t mean that students actually pay the full sticker price. The more financial aid a student gets, the lower her Net Price, which is the amount she actually has to pay to attend a school. The Net Price includes all expenses - not just tuition - but it’s an important number to consider because it’s more relevant when it comes to your budgeting concerns. What Does College TuitionInclude? Most of the time, when people say â€Å"tuition† they really mean â€Å"tuition and fees† - these costs are generally lumped together into one sum. So what does tuition money actually pay for? Well, tuition is considered the core of your college bill. It’s the fee that you pay for taking academic courses, and it may be calculated per semester (i.e. a flat rate) or per credit. Your tuition helps cover things like instructor pay, facility maintenance, and administrative costs. The â€Å"fees† that are usually lumped in with tuition may vary from school to school. Fees are generally pretty small when compared to the cost of tuition alone. They’re billed to students in order to cover extra services that are required to run a functioning school. Some common fees include: Lab fees - cover extra equipment and supplies required for lab courses Library fees - cover expenses associated with library resources and materials, which can be quite expensive Registration fees - help cover administrative expenses associated with enrolling and registering students each semester Student organization, activity, or services fees- used to support different student organizations, clubs, sports, activities, or even visiting academics Technology fees - used to cover expenses associated with providing technological equipment, programs, and support on campus Parking fees - common at schools where students commute, they help to cover maintenance of parking areas Health fees - cover health and counseling services provided to students Sometimes, students feel that they should not have to pay for particular fees if they know they won’t take advantage of certain services or resources. As unfair as that may seem, schools tend to make most fees mandatory for all students - if they didn’t, they wouldn’t be able to properly budget for those expenses. That being said, it couldn’t hurt to talk to the student billing office if you don’t think you should pay for a particular fee (i.e. if you’re charged a parking fee but you don’t drive to school). Fees: Annoying add-ons that cover pretty important services (like the library that you need to do well in your classes.) Tuition and Fees: Reals Here, I'll go through a couple of examples of tuition and fee breakdowns at real schools. This way, you'll be able to see exactly where students' money is going. Example #1: Arizona State University College of Liberal Arts Sciences, Full-Time In-StateStudent An in-state college student at ASU would be responsible for the following tuition and fees before any financial aid funds were applied: Description Annual Amount Resident Tuition $9,484 Resident Surcharge $320 Financial Aid Trust Fee $94 Recreation Fee $50 Technology Fee $100 Student Programs Fee $50 Health and Wellness Fee $80 Student Service Facility Fee $150 Student Athletics Fee $150 Total Tuition and Fees $10,478 As you can see, the bulk of the annual cost goes towards tuition. The total fee amount comes to $994. Keep in mind that these expenses don't include things like room, board, and transportation. Example #2: Boston University Full-Time Student Boston University doesn't supply quite as detailed of a breakdown when it comes to tuition and fee costs. Here's what a full-time student would be responsible for at BU before any financial aid was applied: Description Annual Amount Tuition $47,422 Fees $1,014 Total Tuition and Fees $48,436 A lot more expensive than ASU, right?The major difference here is that ASU is a public school whereas BU is private. To learn more about why these sticker prices are so high, read our guide explaining why college has gotten so expensive. Although BU might come with a pretty high sticker price, that doesn't mean the average student pays $48,436 every year for tuition and fees. At schools like BU, students' average Net Price (what studentsactually pay) tends to be much lower. For more info on sticker price versus Net Price, check out our guide to college costs. WhatIsn't Included With Tuition? Tuition is a big part of your college expenses, but it isn’t the only part. Depending on where you decide to go to school, you could have to budget for some other significant costs. The most important expenses not included with tuition include: Room - This covers rent or housing, whether you’re living on-campus or off (this is usually combined with board if you live on-campus). Board - Board amounts to your food expenses, either in the form of a meal plan (if you eat on-campus) or grocery/restaurant bills if you buy your own food. Transportation - This includes the costs associated with traveling back and forth from campus. Transportation may just be daily travel (if you commute to school), but it also may include transport to and from campus for holidays and breaks. Textbooks - Textbooks are notoriously expensive - you’re responsible for getting your hands on these required materials for your classes each semester. Personal expenses - Presumably, you’ll spend some money on yourself each semester. Personal expenses include things like hygiene items, laundry, clothing, and entertainment. These costs vary pretty widely depending on a lot of factors, including the type of school you go to (public versus private), where you go to school (in-state versus out-of-state), and your own personal choices (e.g. living at home versus living on campus). To get more information about what these expenses come to, and what you can do to minimize them, check out our complete guide to college costs. How Do You Pay Less for Tuition? These tuition prices might have you a little freaked out at the moment, but don’t panic yet! Published tuition prices aren’t necessarily what students actually pay to attend a school - like I mentioned; your Net Price is more important than the published sticker prices. There aren't any fire sales or flash discounts when it comes to college tuition, but there are ways to save money. So how canyou pay less for tuition and get your Net Price down to a reasonable amount? Here are your options: Go to a School With Cheap Tuition Costs This is perhaps the most obvious strategy - you can get your tuition costs down by applying to schools where tuition is already low. It’s easy to get information about a school’s tuition cost- itshould be outlined on every school'sfinancial aid or admissions website. You can start looking for inexpensive schools by checking out this list of the least expensive schools in the US. Before you get started, however; you should be prepared for the drawbacks that come with this strategy.There isn't necessarily great selection when it comes to schools with cheap tuition rates - you might only find public schools that offer lower prices for residents or schools that aren't particularly prestigious. Apply for Financial Aid Financial aid can bring down your costs no matter where you end up -if you submit the right application, that is. Anyone can apply for federal student aid with the FAFSA, the applicationfor the biggest source of student financial aid in the US. Many colleges and universities use the FAFSA to award their own financial aid funds. For more information, check out our step-by-step guide to applying for financial aid. Attend an In-State Public School Most of the time, public schools offer subsidized tuition at very good prices to in-state residents. These prices tend to be much less expensive than prices offered to out-of-state residents. If you’re interested in any schools close to home, you may be able to save even more money on room and board by living with family instead of payingexpensive rent costs. Attend a School With a Generous Financial Aid Program I’ve already mentioned that some of the most expensive schools in the country also offer some of the most generousfinancial aid in the country. If your grades and test scores are competitive, and you’re accepted to a school that offers strong aid, much (if not all) of your financial need may be covered by the school itself. You should check out schools that cover 100% of financial need and schools that have the best overall financial aid programs. Come across a school that you're interested in? You can instantly estimate your chances of admission. Just google â€Å"PrepScholar [school name] admissions† to visit our interactive admissions page. What's Next? You've just processed a lot of information about tuition costs and how to lower them. If you want even more strategies for decreasing your costs, keep reading! Scholarships are a great way to get funding for tuition, fees, room, board, textbooks, anything you use for college, really. To get your hands on scholarship money, check out our guides to top scholarships for high school juniors and seniors.You might also be interested in top minority scholarships available to high school students. Don't have a lot of time on your hands? Submit these very easy scholarship applications. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Free Essays on Similarities And Differences Between Two Heroes

Similarities and Differences between Two Heroes Although epic and medieval heroes are very different, they are also very similar. Both Beowulf, the epic hero from Beowulf and Sir Gawain , the medieval hero from â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† are examples that contain these similarities and differences. Skill is one example that is shown with both Beowulf and Sir Gawain. Beowulf shows skill with his strength. He is able to defeat Grendel with this characteristic. Sir Gawain, on the other hand, shows skill in a different way, by being able to encourage the Green Knight not to kill him. â€Å"Stop, green man! Don’t swing again.† Another similarity between a medieval and epic hero is the involvement of a challenge. Beowulf is involved with the challenge of defeating Grendel. â€Å"Grendel came, hoping to kill (line 365).† Sir Gawain, however, is involved with the challenge of staying alive. â€Å"He (Green Knight) swung his weapon swiftly up, and down, the blade toward the bare flesh (150-153). Among the two similarities mentioned and other similarities as well, there are many differences. In Beowulf, paganism takes place, meaning that many Gods are believed in. â€Å"Raise upwards for their lords, warm with love, when their shield and protector leaves his body behind, sends his soul on high (565-568).† â€Å"Lords† is plural meaning many were believed in. In contrast, Christianity is the religion that takes place during the medieval age. For example, Gawain is calling to Christ because he does not want to be killed, â€Å"A kind of greeting by Christ I’ll greet him better (47-48).† By that quote the reader can get an idea of how Christianity is involved. Finally, women as a temptation is a big difference between the epic and medieval hero. There is absolutely no sign of temptation in Beowulf, only the queen is portrayed. However, in â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, Sir Gawain accepts a magic green girdle... Free Essays on Similarities And Differences Between Two Heroes Free Essays on Similarities And Differences Between Two Heroes Similarities and Differences between Two Heroes Although epic and medieval heroes are very different, they are also very similar. Both Beowulf, the epic hero from Beowulf and Sir Gawain , the medieval hero from â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† are examples that contain these similarities and differences. Skill is one example that is shown with both Beowulf and Sir Gawain. Beowulf shows skill with his strength. He is able to defeat Grendel with this characteristic. Sir Gawain, on the other hand, shows skill in a different way, by being able to encourage the Green Knight not to kill him. â€Å"Stop, green man! Don’t swing again.† Another similarity between a medieval and epic hero is the involvement of a challenge. Beowulf is involved with the challenge of defeating Grendel. â€Å"Grendel came, hoping to kill (line 365).† Sir Gawain, however, is involved with the challenge of staying alive. â€Å"He (Green Knight) swung his weapon swiftly up, and down, the blade toward the bare flesh (150-153). Among the two similarities mentioned and other similarities as well, there are many differences. In Beowulf, paganism takes place, meaning that many Gods are believed in. â€Å"Raise upwards for their lords, warm with love, when their shield and protector leaves his body behind, sends his soul on high (565-568).† â€Å"Lords† is plural meaning many were believed in. In contrast, Christianity is the religion that takes place during the medieval age. For example, Gawain is calling to Christ because he does not want to be killed, â€Å"A kind of greeting by Christ I’ll greet him better (47-48).† By that quote the reader can get an idea of how Christianity is involved. Finally, women as a temptation is a big difference between the epic and medieval hero. There is absolutely no sign of temptation in Beowulf, only the queen is portrayed. However, in â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight†, Sir Gawain accepts a magic green girdle...

Analysis of Spotify's strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Spotify's strategy - Case Study Example This paper takes off from an examination of the historical and current business moves of Spotify, alongside its traditional cost structure and other relevant data, to piece together its current and emerging business strategies. From there, the paper uses theoretical analytical models, among them SWOT and Porter’s Five Forces models, to assess and analyze the soundness of Spotify’s business strategies, and to recommend ways forward for the firm based on the findings of that analysis. Piecing Together Spotify’s Current and Evolving Strategy Newer data reveals that the total user base of Spotify has grown to 24 million users who are active by 2013, with the number of paying subscribers roughly equal to one quarter of that number, or six million. Moreover, the company has pushed to widen the range of free music it is able to offer to mobile users, aiming to break free from a model where users have to pay 10 British pounds in the UK, to be able to access music from mobile devices as well as tablets. This is in line with the pricing of rivals such as Deezer, Napster and Rdio, which all charge the same monthly fee. A glimpse of its business model can be gleaned from the way it has allocated revenues to differing costs, key among them the payouts to the holders of the copyrights to the songs, which reached 188 million Euros in 2011. This payout to the holders of the song copyrights translates to 70 percent of all revenues. Since 2006 when it was launched, total payout estimate to the holders of the copyrights has reached half a billion dollars. The company has not turned a profit from its operations as of 2012 (Halliday 2013; CrunchBase 2013; Facebook 2013). Other recent developments that give a hint as to the evolving business strategy of Spotify include its first forays into advertising in the

Environmental Legislation Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Environmental Legislation Report - Coursework Example The various environmental laws and legislations include several restrictions that the site must follow in order to operate in a hassle free manner. Since the power station between the estate and the landfill site served as an intermediary, the problems were comparatively lesser. The increase in the number of industries led to litter, pest and pollution. When considering this situation, the board of directors of Ambrosia must ensure that they follow the environmental laws and legislations. They must also modify their operations to avoid problems in the future. Environmental laws are different in each country and the country expects the industries to abide by the legislations. The environmental laws of a country aim at protecting the environment from hazardous chemicals. The environmental laws in U.K and the European countries are more severe when compared to the other countries. The environmental laws came into existence only when the protection and preservation of environment was considered as the major issue. These environmental laws include legislations for pollution, protection of wildlife, litter and other environment related issues. One of the major environment laws is the one that deals with the wastage of a factory. Factories fail to dispose their wastes in a proper manner. Instead they tend to leave it unattended where they get into river fields and water reservoirs. The law was passes in the year 1972 and it was named, Poisonous wastes Act. When considering this landfill site, air pollution is the major problem and most of the Claimants complain about the dust that is exerted from the landfill site. The landfill site is surrounded by several industries which include silver factory, gas works and liquorice industries. All these industries emit certain amount of gases and dust which create a problem to the residents. This report aims at helping the authorities of the Ambrosia

McDonald's Takes the Blame for Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

McDonald's Takes the Blame for Obesity - Essay Example The following is an examination of Critical Concepts: Experts blame the adverts targeting children to be responsible for causing obesity. The most relevant concepts in the case against first food joints are their marketing policies. Perhaps the aim is to cripple the allure junk food produces through adverts which are particularly appealing to children. However, Ronald McDonald in the same light as Joe Camel is a bit of a stretch. Attacking the marketing strategies of business entities to me amounts to clutching at a straw. There are rules that govern the world of production and marketing. In a situation where a product has production rights, the production company has the right to market it. In view of the above sentiments, McDonald should consider rebranding its image but not to exclude Ronald McDonald. Marketers, especially in France argue that positive ad inclusions such as, â€Å"eat fruits daily, exercise, and drink a lot of water† appeal more to customers than severe hea lth warnings. For instance the caption, â€Å"cigarette smoking is harmful to your health, did not reduce the number of smokers in Europe or America. Therefore, adding health messages as proposed by the French is a constructive move. When McDonald includes the health messages in its ads it will go a step further to include healthy substitutes to its menu. Negative publicity led to drop in sales in McDonald’s. This caused McDonald to add healthy food to their menu such as porridge and salad. The move led to a 90% positive turnaround in sales. It should be noted that the increased sales result from consumption of â€Å"non-healthy† foods such as burgers and fries. Some European nations in their fight against obesity push for a ban on fast food advertisements that target children. However, it is imperative to note that advertisements not directed to children may still influence them. In a situation, where bans on advertising directly to children are in place such as in N orway, the food companies will still advertise for adults. Nevertheless, the bans are crucial because they eliminate at least one influence of obesity. Conforming to the ban is also a positive marketing strategy for McDonald’s. Consumers will see their efforts in implement change, and this will retain their loyalty to their products as mentioned above. Problems facing McDonald’s positive ad strategy. The state of obesity has not improved ever since the launch of positive ads by McDonald’s. This is not the company’s fault, but critics do not seem to think so. Governments and health regulatory institutions are up in arms against McDonald’s. For instance, Prince Charles of England out rightly attributes obesity to McDonald’s. In response to the above situation, McDonald responds just like most companies in the food production industry. Self regulation in regard to advertisement is a common strategy where the company reduces adverts directed at children. In the case of fast foods, the company specifically cuts down on use of celebrities and cartoon characters in advertisements. McDonald, however, is not fully committed to this strategy. In the U.K, its dominant market is children under the age of sixteen, and it does not intend to lose this market. McDonald instead favors positive health messages to run alongside their advertisements. That way McDonald’

Purely Competitive Vs Monopoly in two industries Essay Example for Free

Purely Competitive Vs Monopoly in two industries Essay There are two types of industry wherein a businessman could put his cash on: the monopoly and the purely competitive one. This paper explains the case if a worker in a purely competitive industry and a worker in a monopoly industry returns the same or different marginal revenues on the case that the labor market is purely competitive if they have exactly the same marginal product and their product price is the same. Citing the difference between the types of industry will give us an idea to decide with the case given: Differences between Monopoly and Competition (Hartcourt, 2001) Monopoly   The only producer of the goods The demand curve has a downward slope. â€Å" price maker†   Lowers the price to increase sales Competition Competes with companies producing the same products The demand curve is horizontal â€Å"price taker† Sells as much or as little at same price. Marginal revenue is described as the extra revenue that an excess product unit will bring to the industry (Schenk, 2002). Whether a worker is in either a purely competitive or a monopoly, and considering the case stated on the previous paragraph, both workers will return the same marginal product return since their marginal products, as well as the product price are the same. MPR = total revenue/quantity of units sold ( Hartcourt, 2001) If we think not that critically, the prices introduced by the workers from different industries are the same, and the number of units to be sold is also the same, the MPR will be the same. But from the bulleted descriptions of monopoly and competitive industry, the demands are different. For the monopoly, the demand is sloping downward; but form the competitive, the demand is the same as represented by the horizontal curve. For a competitive industry, the MPR is directly proportional to the price, but in a monopoly industry, the demand is decreasing, so the MPR will decrease also, leaving us the conclusion that the MPR’s for the two are different. References Hartcourt, Inc. (2001). Monopoly. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from http://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/facstaff/briggs-p/Microeconomics/Chap_15.pdf Schenk, Robert. (2002). Cybereconomics. From Elasticity to Marginal Revenue. Retrieved April 22, 2008 from Cybereconomics.

Case Study of Nissans Cogent Co-Development

Case Study of Nissans Cogent Co-Development In early 1990s Nissan started its NX96 improvement initiative focusing on quality(Q), cost(C), delivery(D), development and management(M). Thus Nissan could measure QCD performance levels of components from supplier, then set and achieve improvement targets. But that was not the case in development assessment due to diverse range of challenges in terms of widely varying nature of suppliers products and technologies, resulting in poor overall performance and threat for their competitiveness. These deficiencies of development in NX96 initiative were considered and replaced with NEXT21 (Nissan Euro eXcellnce Towards 21st century) incorporating new approach to design and development (DD). Nissans requirement from its supplier base was about 75%. Though suppliers had world class quality levels with defect rate of less than 10ppm, in publics perception Nissan remained below its competitors even after surpassing them in quality data figures. With these feedbacks, Nissan focused on attractive quality apart from basic quality. In 1995 Nissan formulated COGENT, Co-development re-generation tool, an initiative developed with partnership between NETC (Nissan European Technology Centre), Cranfield University and 89 of its suppliers. COGENT has a Latin origin meaning, Drive Forward Together, and runs hand-in-hand with NEXT21 programme. The aim of COGENT was to improve overall performance of product; that is to get best quality at cheaper price with faster delivery. The fact that 80% of quality performance determined at development phase brings in significant overall benefit at production stage justifies the need to focus on component DD itself. The specific goal of COGENT was to bring DD activities of suppliers in close alignment with that of Nissan itself. The objective was primarily to develop better understanding and more effective relationship between Nissan and its suppliers by having open communication at early stages of product development and also to maintain the momentum. Part 2: Overview of theories involved Supply chain management is the integration of each element of supply, design, production, and distribution from extraction of raw material to end customer delivery. (Rudzki et al. 2006). Managing supplier relationships is the vital part of strategic supply management as market changes and trends makes external suppliers a critical part of a firms value chain (Trent 2007). Through a good relationship, supplier development activities by means of collaboration with suppliers in various forms of partnerships, enables to improve overall effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain as a whole (Ford et al. 1998). One of the important steps in supplier development during Integrative Development stage is Supplier Integration in New Product development (NPD). Suppliers are integrated into buyers supply chain network by means of supplier involvement in DD of new products, processes, and services (Krause 1999 Module note page: 45, Refer appendix Fig. A for supplier development Model Step#10). Early supplier involvement(ESI) is the process of relying on suppliers, either physically or virtually, to provide support early on during strategic planning, demand and supply planning, continuous improvement projects, project planning and development of new technologies and products. ESI is often associated with new product development and the factors that drive include the need for continuous improvement, the need to develop new products, services, and processes quickly and also save cost by doing the design right at first time, thus achieving reduced cycle times of concept-to-customer (Trent 2007). Though there are various expenses involved in supplier relationship management, buyer companies reap the benefits such as achieving are lower production costs by means of right first time design, improved material flow through reduced inventory, and reduced administration costs by means of integrated information systems (Ford et al. 1998). Overall benefits to the buyer company are reduction in material cost, reduction in development and manufacturing cost, reduction in development cycle time, improvement in quality, functionality, features and technology. Table1 presents findings from the study that focused on how different organisations involve suppliers during product and process development and reveal that ESI deliver better performance results (Trent 2007).   Early Involvement Reduction in material costs 20% Reduction in development cycle time 20% Improvement in material quality 20% Reduction in development costs 20% Reduction in manufacturing costs 10% Improvement in product functionality, features, technology 20% Table1. Median Improvements from ESI (Trent 2007:227) . In general, long-term relationships result in improvements in: Supplier involvement focus and ownership of product focus on continuous improvement implementation method focus on quality teamwork on new product introduction shared vision alignment of people and systems clearly defined responsibility and accountability (Burnes and Dale 1998). Part 3: COGENT Implementation and Achievements MDs of some of Nissans supplier companies were invited to NETC to discuss about key points of co-development, what was required to be done for them to achieve world class levels of design by year 2000 and how they would implement changes. NETC and Cranfield University worked together intensively with Nissans first tier suppliers for the first year, trying to communicate the very essence of COGENT. But they realized that the message was not reaching the wide supplier base fast enough. Thus fast-track COGENT was initiated. Suppliers were invited for a day long intensive event to work through three specific workshops that takes through the core messages of COGENT. The fast track COGENT concentrated in three areas for aligning different aspects of co-development aligning perceptions, aligning processes, and aligning project targets and key milestones. The steps followed for each areas of alignment were same where do we want to be, where we are now, how to get there, and implement and monitor improvement plan. Suppliers were asked to consider their current perceptions of their relationship with Nissan, analyse their own existing development processes and their plans to meet NEXT21 targets. Also, they were asked to start thinking about where they want to be in terms of world class performance levels of development and were discussed in each session of fast track COGENT, ultimately leading to the very important question how to get there. This enabled Nissan and suppliers to identify possible improvement activities to strengthen their development capabilities and also to prioritize areas of improvement resulting in a clearly defined improvement plan. Again the suppliers were encouraged to further prioritize their specific improvement actions and to begin generating improvement action monitor sheet from their findings. On completion of fast track activity each supplier is clear with what is being expected of them with a set of mutually agreed action plans for DD improvement. Thus success of COGENT can be monitored against their action to assess suppliers development performance. COGENT was primarily designed to invest more time and resources in starting of development phase itself, thereby avoiding the concern of re-design after testing and verification of trial design parts and also improve lead time. This eliminates majority of waste throughout the whole development cycle and also total resources used are comparatively less. Those suppliers who took part in COGENT initiative displayed outstanding achievement levels in NEXT21 performance appraisal. The fig.1 projects the rate of improvement that suppliers might have achieved by year 1998 to about 1% if they had continued with NX96 and where as NEXT21 targeted at 5%. However, average figures achieved by suppliers who took part in COGENT achieved 11% improvement. Part 4: Conclusion Through the workshop, Cranfield University created an environment to ease effective communication and understanding between supplier and Nissan, and to have a better combined work relationship in order to identify what Nissan and supplier needs to do to stay competitive in the global market. The entire process is not just to find out areas of improvement for supplier, but also a mutually beneficial joint effort of development for future to bring performance improvements and continuous improvement thereafter, which will help eliminate wastes at every stage, from concept to successful delivery. COGENT has enabled Nissan identify what is required to be done to overcome the flaws, under shared basic understanding of challenges and problems they are likely to face during the process of product DD in order to bring about the most effective co-development relationship. The approach as a whole, has not only given a face-lift for measuring success in DD, but also gave an opportunity for Nissan to align its suppliers development processes alongside its own. COGENT has enable Nissan work more closely and effectively in their relationship with its suppliers throughout the whole DD phase. Nissan and its suppliers together are developing future products with attracted quality to satisfy their customer by driving forward together. As more and more suppliers are introduced to COGENT through fast track, the achievements continue to represent a significant step change in performance. By 2000, 90% of Nissan vehicle sold were built in Europe and this demonstrates Nissans vital European operation which was achieved as a result of COGENT initiative, aiding Nissan gain competitive advantage in the automotive market. Part 5: Theory linked to practice Key Learning points In an effective supply chain management suppliers and customers work together in a coordinated manner by sharing and communicating rapid flow of information. Suppliers and customers must have shared goals and vision, and also must participate together in DD of products/processes of the supply chain to achieve their shared goals. In context of Total Quality Management (TQM), benchmarking is essential for assessing current performance to identify possible improvements. Benchmarking is measuring where the company is positioned now and using that as a guideline identify where the company wants to be in future by setting performance goals in each areas of supply chain (Module Note, page 51-54). During the course of mutually benefiting bilateral relationship in supply chain, one of the important steps is ESI in DD, which has a major role in minimizing total cost. This basic understanding brings in the need of co-development, where suppliers are involved in early stages of new product DD and hence most buyer companies are making ESI one of their most important supply management strategies. Effective integration of suppliers into the supply chain will be a key factor for manufacturers in achieving improvements necessary to remain competitive and to improve supply chain as a whole. Part 6: Future trends Automotive manufacturers in general have their own strategy for bring out best quality and cheapest cars in short time to the competitive market. In case of Nissan, they have a pool of potentially capable suppliers who meet the production requirements in terms of quality and delivery with reasonably good cost factors and are driving for continuous improvement towards the achieving further set targets by Nissan. With COGENT initiative, Nissan has started the integrative development by involving its first-tier suppliers in their NPD activities and is essentially the success story behind success of its new products in recent few years. The future trend for Nissan would be to establish performance improvements in second-tier suppliers and also possibilities to establish improvements in third-tier suppliers and so on. These supplier development steps will definitely help Nissan achieve a globally aligned supplier network in future ahead. Part 7: List of References Anon. (1999) Nissans cogent: the co-development regeneration tool. [DVD] Burnes,B, Dale,B (1998) Working in partnership. Hampshire: Gower Publishing Limited Ford,D, Gadde,L, Hakansson,H, Lundgren,A, Snehota,I, Turnbull,P, Wilson,D (1998) Managing Business Relationships. West Sussex: John Wiley Sons Ltd Handfield, Robert B.; Ragatz, Gary L.; Petersen, Kenneth J.; Monczka, Robert M (1999) Involving Suppliers in New Product Development.. California Management Review 42 (Issue 1), 59-82 M25EKM Supply Chain Management Module Notes : Module Leader Phil Southey Rudzki,R.A.,Smock,D.A.,Katzorke,M and Stewar,S.Jr (2006) Straight to the Bottom Line-An Executives Roadmap to World Class Supply Management. Indiana: J.Ross Publishing Trent,R.J. (2007) Strategic Supply Management: Creating the Next Source of Competitive Advantage. Indiana: J.Ross Publishing Part 8: Appendix 1. Fig.A. Supplier Model (Krause 1999 Module note page: 45)